Variable

Normal-BMD (n=100)n (%)

Osteoporosis(n=101)n (%)

P

Age Mean (SD)

55.3 (3.6)

58.3 (3.7)

<0.001*

Menopausal age (year) Mean (SD)

49.3 (3.5)

48.2 (3.9)

0.034*

Job

0.140 ±

Housewife

84 (84.0%)

92 (91.1%)

Employed

16 (16.0%)

9 (8.9%)

Adequacy of family income

0.394ǂ

Adequate

24 (24.0%)

18 (17.8%)

Somewhat adequate

66 (66.0 %)

68 (67.3%)

Insufficient

101 (10.0%)

15 (14.9%)

Marital status

0.079±

Single, divorced, widow

15 (15.0%)

26 (25.7%)

Married

85 (85.0%)

75 (74.3%)

Education

0.002ǂ

Illiterate

15 (15.0%)

33 (32.7%)

Primary school

31 (31.0%)

40 (39.6%)

Secondary school

15 (15.0%)

11 (10.9%)

High school/Diploma

27 (27.0%)

12 (11.9%)

Academic

12 (12.0%)

5 (5.0%)

Smoking status

0.683±

No smoking or history of use

98 (98.0%)

97 (96.0%)

Current use or previous use

2 (2.0%)

4 (4.0%)

Exposure to direct sunlight(Yes)

42 (42.0%)

45 (44.6%)

0.776±

Number of exposed days/week Mean (SD)

4.4 (2.3)

4.2 (2.3)

0.687*

Number of exposed minutes/day Mean (SD)

33.2 (21.8)

33.0 (23.5)

0.957*

Supplement use: Ca, Vit D (Yes)

50 (50.0%)

59 (58.4%)

0.259±

Mild physical activity (Yes)

100 (100.0%)

100 (99.0%)

1.0±

Moderate physical activity (Yes)

23 (23.0%)

29 (28.7%)

0.421±

Vigorous physical activity (Yes)

14 (14.0%)

15 (14.9%)

1.0±

Fracture history in close relatives(Yes)

8 (8.0%)

17 (16.8%)

0.086±

Body Mass Index (kg/m2) Mean (SD)

31.3 (5.0)

28.4 (3.7)

<0.001*

Hypertension

39 (39.0%)

39 (38.6%)

1.0±

Dyslipidemia

8 (8.0%)

10 (9.9%)

0.806±

BMD/ L.S (g/cm2) Mean (SD)

1.0 (0.2)

0.71 (0.07)

<0.001*

T-score/ L.S Mean (SD)

-0.11 (0.9)

-3.09 (0.6)

<0.001*

Z-score/ L.S Mean (SD)

0.97 (0.9)

-1.7 (0.7)

<0.001*

BMD/ F.N (g/cm2) Mean (SD)

0.97 (0.1)

0.75 (0.1)

<0.001*

T-score/ F.N Mean (SD)

0.18 (0.8)

-1.6 (0.7)

<0.001*

Z-score/ F.N Mean (SD)

0.92 (0.8)

-0.69 (0.8)

<0.001*

Fat(g/d)

68.61(19.1)

71.62(26.43)

0.478*

Energy(Kcal/d)

1905.3(419.4)

1818.2(658.4)

0.392*

carbohydrate(g/d)

272.7(70.7)

255.5(108.1)

0.312*

protein(g/d)

58.8(17.2)

51.6(18.0)

0.029*

Vitamin D(µg/d)

1.8 (1.2)

1.6(1.3)

0.363*

Vitamin C(mg/d)

226.2(119.7)

203.6(126.8)

0.222*

Zinc(mg/d)

8.5(2.4)

8.3(3.0)

0.220*

Selenium(µg/d)

87.0(33.8)

84.0(32.1)

0.350*

Inflammatory biomarkers

Normal-BMD (n=100)

Osteoporosis (n=101)

p*

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)

22.14 (17.03)

19.26 (6.26)

26.41 (26.76)

19.42 (7.75)

0.289

Tumor necrosis factors (pg/ml)

33.76 (27.29)

25.45 (13.03)

33.60 (31.39)

20.76 (16.84)

0.026

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.28 (0.33)

0.25 (0.31)

0.96 (0.58)

0.95 (0.67)

<0.001

Inflammatory biomarkers

Normal-BMD (n=100)

Osteoporosis (n=101)

p*

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)

22.14 (17.03)

19.26 (6.26)

26.41 (26.76)

19.42 (7.75)

0.289

Tumor necrosis factors (pg/ml)

33.76 (27.29)

25.45 (13.03)

33.60 (31.39)

20.76 (16.84)

0.026

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.28 (0.33)

0.25 (0.31)

0.96 (0.58)

0.95 (0.67)

<0.001