Figure 1: Bidirectional relationships between HFpEF, CKM syndrome, and MASLD. These conditions share overlapping mechanisms, including inflammation, fibrosis, neurohumoral activation, and metabolic dysfunction, creating reinforcing pathological loops through multi-organ crosstalk.

Figure 2: Strategies for polypharmacology in syndromic cardiovascular disease. Approaches include rational drug design for multi-receptor targeting, network pharmacology to exploit pathway clusters, repurposing of agents with known safety profiles, and RNA-based therapeutics offering precision modulation of gene expression.