1UNAIDS (2006) AIDS epidemic update. December 2006.
2Drummer OH (2006) Drug testing in oral fluid. Clin Biochem Rev 27:147-159.
3Djumalieva D, Imamshah W, Wagner U, Razum O (2002) Drug use and HIV risk in Trinidad and Tobago: qualitative study. Int J STD AIDS 13:633-639.
4Fengwei, Wang (1999) Drug Prevention and Rehabilitation Programs for HIV Positive Clients in Trinidad and Tobago: The Providers Perspective. M.Sc. Thesis, Heidelberg, Germany.
5Wood Evan, Thomas Kerr, Julio SG Montaner (2007) HIV treatment, injection drug use, and illicit drug policies. The Lancet 370:8-10.
6Wadak A (2006) Controlling HIV among injecting drug users: the current status of harm reduction. HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev, 11:77-80.
7Frasca T (2005) AIDS in Latin America, New York, Palgrave.
8Iguchi MY, Bux DA Jr (1997) Reduced probability of HIV infection among crack cocaine--using injection drug users. Am J Public Health 87: 1008-1012.
9Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN, Booth RE, Watters JK (1998) HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities. Am J Public Health 88: 108-113.
10Timpson SC, Williams ML, Bowen AM, Keel KB (2003) Condom use behaviors in HIV-infected African American crack cocaine users. Subst Abus 24: 211-220.
11de Oliveira LC, Pereira RG, Reis UC (2001) Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in alcoholics. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 21-23.
12Allen, Caroline et al. (2004) The Caribbean, HIV/AIDS and Security: Ivelaw L, Griffith (eds) Caribbean Security in the Age of Terror: Challenge and Change. Ian Randle, Jamaica.
13Boxhill, I. et al (2005) Tourism and HIV/AIDS in Jamaica and the Bahamas. Arawak, Mona.
14Schepf, Brooke G (2001) International AIDS Research in Anthropology: Taking a Critical Perspective on the Crisis. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 335-361.
15Paul Farmer (2006) Aids and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame, Berkeley, Updated with a New Preface. University of California Press.
16Pape JW, Liautaud B, Thomas F, Mathurin JR, St Amand MM, et al. (1983) Characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti. N Engl J Med 309: 945-950.
17Castro A, Farmer P (2005) Understanding and addressing AIDS-related stigma: from anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti. Am J Public Health 95: 53-59.
18Kane S, Mason T (2001) AIDS and Criminal Justice. American Review of Anthropology 30: 457-479.
19Schneider CL (1998) Racism, Drugs Policy and AIDS. Political Science Quarterly. 113: 427-446.
20UNODC (2006) Role of drugs dependence treatment and Rehabilitation on HIV/AIDS prevention and care.
21Lichtenstein B (1997) Women and Crack-Cocaine Use: A Study of Social Networks and HIV Risk in An Alabama Jail Sample. Addiction Research & Theory 5: 279-296.
22Bastos FI, Strathdee SA, Derrico M, Pina MDF (1999) Drug Use and the Spread of HIV/AIDS in South America and the Caribbean. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 6:1.
23Dingle GA, Oei TP (1997) Is alcohol a cofactor of HIV and AIDS? Evidence from immunological and behavioral studies. Psychol Bull 122: 56-71.
24Webb GR, Redman S, Gibberd RW, Sanson-Fisher RW (1991) The reliability and stability of a quantity-frequency method and a diary method of measuring alcohol consumption. Drug Alcohol Depend 27: 223-231.
25Simeon DT, Bain BC, Wyatt GE, Le Franc E, Ricketts H, et al. (1995) Smoking marijuana before sex: a high-risk behavior in Jamaica? AIDS 9:1293-1294.
26Simeon DT, Bain BC, Wyatt GE, LeFranc E, Ricketts H, et al. (1996) Characteristics of Jamaicans who smoke marijuana before sex and their risk status for sexually transmitted diseases. West Indian Med J 45: 9-13.
27Figueroa JP, Fox K, Minor K (1999) A behaviour risk factor survey in Jamaica. West Indian Med J 48: 9-15.
28Hutchinson GA, Simeon DT (1999) HIV infection rates and associated factors in high risk patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Trinidad and Tobago. West Indian Med J 48: 129-131.
29Persaud NE, Klaskala W, Tewari T, Shultz J, Baum M (1999) Drug use and syphilis. Co-factors for HIV transmission among commercial sex workers in Guyana. West Indian Med J 48: 52-56.
30Dolan K, Kite B, Black E, Aceijas C, Stimson GV, et al. (2007) HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 7:32-41.
31Iversen L Leslie (2000) The Science of Marihuana, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
32Kaslow RA, Blackwelder WC, Ostrow DG, Yerg D, Palenicek J, et al. (1989) No evidence for a role of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs in accelerating immunodeficiency in HIV-1-positive individuals. A report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. JAMA 261: 3424-3429.
33Gabe R (2011) Not All Drugs Are Created Equal. New York Times, December, 19.
34National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2002) Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and HIV/AIDS.
35Corey S. Davis, Scott Burris, Julie Kraut-Becher, Kevin G. Lynch, David Metzger, et al. (2005) Effects of an Intensive Street-Level Police Intervention on Syringe Exchange Program Use in Philadelphia. Am J Public Health 95: 233–236.
36Allen CF, Edwards M, Williamson LM, Kitson-Piggott W, Wagner HU, et al. (2006) Sexually transmitted infection service use and risk factors for HIV infection among female sex workers in Georgetown, Guyana. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 43: 96-101.
37Reid SD (1999) Drug use, sexual behaviour and HIV risk of the homeless in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. West Indian Med J 48: 57-60.
38Douglas KG, Hillebrand J (2003) The Caribbean epidemiological network: the complexities of developing a regional perspective. Bulletin of Narcotics.
39John D Clapp, Anna C Burke (1999) Discriminant analysis of factors differentiating among substance abuse treatment units in their provision of HIV/AIDS harm reduction services. Social Work Research 23: 69-76.
40Sharman A, J Adams (2002) Central Asia: Drug Trafficking and Early Targeted Intervention to Combat HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Int Conf AIDS, abstract no. MoPeG4203.
41Deany P (2000) HIV and Injecting Drug Use: A New Challenge to Sustainable Human Development, UNDP HIV and Development Programme.
42Michael J Kelley, Bain B (2003) Education and HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. Kingston, Ian Randle.
43Munroe, Trevor (2004) The menace of drugs: Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd (eds) Caribbean security in the age of terror: Challenge and change. Ian Randle, Kingston, Jamaica.
44 Reiman Jeffrey (1995) The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Crime and Criminal Justice. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, USA.
45Agozino B (2011) Editorial: Resolution Against the War on African Americans. The African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 4: 2.
46McBride DC, Freier MC, Hopkins GL, Babikian T, Richardson L, et al. (2005) Quality of parent-child relationship and adolescent HIV risk behaviour in St. Maarten. AIDS Care, Supplement 1: S45-S54.
47Webb MS, Vanable PA, Carey MP, Blair DC (2007) Cigarette smoking among HIV+ men and women: examining health, substance use, and psychosocial correlates across the smoking spectrum. J Behav Med 30: 371-383.
48Jeffrey H. Samet, Debbie M. Cheng, Howard Libman, David P. Nunes, Julie K. Alperen, et al. (2007) Alcohol Consumption and HIV Disease Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 46: 194–199.
49Browne Dianne, Winkler Gisela, Bodesntein Maren (2006) Teaching about HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean. Macmillan Caribbean, Mona.
50Klien A, Day M, Harriott A (2004) Caribbean Drugs - From Criminalisation to Harm Reduction. Zed Books, London, UK.
51Figueira D (2006) Cocaine and Heroin Trafficking in the Caribbean, Vol. 2: The Case of Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela. iUniverse, New York.
52Harms E (1973) Drugs and Youth: The Challenge of Today. Pergamon Press, New York.
53Agozino B (1997) Black Women and the Criminal Justice System: Towards the Decolonisation of Victimisation. Ashgate, Aldershot, England
54Ritter A, Cameron J (2006) A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 25:611-624.
55AIDS Weekly (2006) Atlanta: Oct 9, 2006.
56Furber AS, Maheswaran R, Newell JN, Carroll C (2007) Is smoking tobacco an independent risk factor for HIV infection and progression to AIDS? A systemic review. Sex Transm Infect 83: 41-46.
57Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, Vizoso H, Reda H, et al. (2007 Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 68:515-521.
58Deren S, Kang SY, Colón HM, Andia JF, Robles RR (2004) HIV incidence among high-risk Puerto Rican drug users: a comparison of East Harlem, New York, and Bayamón, Puerto Rico. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 36: 1067–1074.
59Kang SY, Deren S, Andia J, Colón HM, Robles R (2005) HIV transmission behaviors in jail/prison among puerto rican drug injectors in New York and Puerto Rico. AIDS Behav 9:377–386.
60De Launey C (1997) HIV and Longevity: Cannabis and Lifestyle. The british columbia compassion club.
61Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1993) Marijuana, the Forbidden Medicine. Yale University Press, New Haven.
62Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J, Dougherty A, et al. ( 2005) Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 29: 358–367.
63Organization of American States (1998) Maritime Drug Trafficking Routes and Methods in the Americas. Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission: 24th Regular Session, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
64Blake Baked (2012) Marijuana 1,000 Times safer than Alcohol.