Figure 1 Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for HSV-2 shedding with 7-day, 3-day, and same-day windows for symptoms/ sores prior to swab collection
Characteristic |
Median (range) or n (%)a |
Age (years) |
33 (2246) |
Years since HIV diagnosis |
5 (115) |
CD4 count (cells/΅L) |
366 (209930) |
HIV-1 plasma viral load (log copies/mL) |
4.6 (2.95.8) |
Knew they had genital herpes before enrollment |
17 (25%) 13 (77%) |
Time since they knew they had genital herpes (n=17) |
3 years (4 months10 years) |
|
|
Ever had symptoms consistent with genital herpes |
40 (60%) |
Time since last symptom (n=40) |
3 months (14 months) |
Symptom (n=40) |
38 (95%) |
Site of symptom (n=40) |
36 (90%) |
Table1 Baseline characteristics of 67 HIV-1/HSV-2 co-infected women, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Abbreviations: HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2
aPercentages are out of 67 unless otherwise indicated in the Characteristic column
|
HSV-2 shedding (N=561) |
HIV-1 shedding (N=525) |
||||||
Characteristic |
n (%) |
PRb (95% CI) |
n (%) |
PRb (95% CI) |
||||
Overall |
149 |
(26.6) |
|
|
370 |
(70.5) |
|
|
Baseline characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age group (years) |
19 |
(18.8) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
66 |
(68.0) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
Baseline HIV-1 plasma viral load |
16 |
(11.0) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
42 |
(30.7) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
Knew they had genital herpes before enrollment |
113 |
(27.2) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
273 |
(69.8) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
Ever had symptoms consistent with genital herpes |
62 |
(27.1) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
161 |
(73.5) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Placebo month characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CD4 count (cells/΅L)d |
71 |
(25.0) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
216 |
(81.8) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
Phase of menstrual cyclee |
29 |
(27.6) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
81 |
(77.1) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
HIV sheddinga |
25 |
(16.1) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
-- |
|
-- |
|
Symptoms and/or soresf |
114 |
(22.9) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
320 |
(69.0) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
Table2 Characteristics associated with HSV-2 and HIV-1 sheddinga on genital swabs self-collected from 67 women during the placebo month, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2; PR, prevalence ratio; ref, referent
a Defined as binary outcomes, with non-detectable viral shedding considered no shedding and a non-quantifiable or quantifiable viral shedding considered shedding.
b Prevalence Ratios (PR) are adjusted for multiple comparisons for each woman.
c P < .05
d CD4 count was measured twice during the study period; the value closest to the placebo month was used.
e Categorized as follicular (4-19 days before ovulation), periovulatory (3 days before to 3 days after ovulation), or luteal (4-14 days after ovulation) based on the estimated cycle day; women without menses or on hormonal contraceptives were excluded (n=38), n=43 missing menstrual cycle phase.
f Defined as presence of prodromal symptoms and/or sores on diary cards in the two days prior to and day of swabs collection (three-day window before swabs collection). Symptoms were defined as burning, itching, tingling, or pain at any site/event (vagina/vulva, anus/perianal area, when urinating, thighs/buttocks, or other); sore was defined as sore at any site (vagina/vulva, anus, buttocks, thighs, or other). Symptoms and/or sores categories are mutually exclusive.
Variable |
HSV-2 sheddingc (N=561) |
HIV sheddingc (N=525) |
||
Symptoms and/or sores |
|
|
|
|
No symptoms, no sores |
1.0 |
(ref) |
1.0 |
(ref) |
Symptoms only |
2.0 |
(1.2-3.3)d |
1.4 |
(0.6-3.2) |
Sores only |
2.7 |
(1.6-4.4)d |
1.1 |
(0.4-2.8) |
Sores and symptoms |
2.8 |
(1.7-4.5)d |
0.7 |
(0.3-2.2) |
Baseline HIV-1 plasma viral load |
1.5 |
(1.1-2.1)d |
7.5 |
(4.2-13.1)d |
Table3 Adjusteda prevalence ratios between symptoms and/or soresb and HSV-2 and HIV-1 shedding on self-collected genital swabs, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Abbreviations: aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, referent
a Adjusted for HIV plasma viral load
b Defined as presence of prodromal symptoms and/or sores on diary cards in the two days prior to and day of swabs collection (three-day window before swabs collection). Symptoms were defined as burning, itching, tingling, or pain at any site/event (vagina/vulva, anus/perianal area, when urinating, thighs/buttocks, or other); sore was defined as sore at any site (vagina/vulva, anus, buttocks, thighs, or other). Symptoms and/or sores categories are mutually exclusive.
c Defined as binary outcome, with non-detectable viral shedding considered no shedding and a non-quantifiable or quantifiable viral shedding considered shedding.
d P < .05