1. Vrielink HMR, Henk WMD (1998) Transfusion-transmissible infections. Current Opinion in Hematology. 5: 396-405.
  2. Blejer JLCVL, Salamone HJ (2002) Risk of transfusional-transmitted infections. Medicina. 62: 259-278.
  3. Wöhrl S, Geusau A (2007) Clinical update: syphilis in adults. The Lancet infectious diseases. 369: 1912-4.
  4. Te HS, Jensen DM (2010) Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview. Clinics in liver disease 14: 1-21.
  5. Hoffmann CJ, Thio CL (2007) Clinical implications of HIV and hepatitis B co-infection in Asia and Africa. The Lancet infectious diseases. 7: 402-9.
  6. Modi AA, Feld JJ (2007) Viral hepatitis and HIV in Africa. AIDS reviews. 9: 25-39.
  7. Da Ros CT, da Silva Schmitt, C. (2008) Global epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases. Asian J andrology. 10: 110-4.
  8. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections-2008: global estimates. World Health Organization, 2012.
  9. Kilmarx PH (2009) Global epidemiology of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 4: 240-6.
  10. Alter MJ (2006) Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. 44: S6-9.
  11. Tapko JB MP, Diarra-Nama AJ. (2009) Status of blood safety in the WHO African Region: report of the 2006 survey. Brazzaville: WHO Regional Office for Africa.
  12. Jayaraman S, Chalabi Z, Perel P, Guerriero C, Roberts I (2010) The risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections in sub‐Saharan Africa. Transfusion. 50: 433-42.
  13. Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2002.Geneva, Joint United Nations program on HIV/AIDS, 2002.
  14. >Morar MM, Pitman JP , McFarland W, Bloch EM (2016) The contribution of unsafe blood transfusion to human immunodeficiency virus incidence in sub‐Saharan Africa: reexamination of the 5% to 10% convention. Transfusion.
  15. Blood safety: a strategy for the African region. AFR/RC51/R2. Brazzaville: WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2001.
  16. Yala FOC, M’Pele P, Rosenheim M (1988) Portage de l’antigène HBs, d’anticorps anti VIH, et de leur association chez les donneurs de sang à Brazzaville. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 81: 32-9.
  17. Taty-Taty R, Yala F, Courouce AM, Arthaud ML, Saliou P, et al. (1990) Carrier state for HBs antigen and HBc antibody in Brazzaville (Congo): sero-epidemiological study in the hospital and no hospital environment. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 83: 149-54.
  18. Ibara JR, Itoua-Ngaporo A, Maniez-Montreuil M, Dupressoir MV, Huart JJ, et al. (1991) Serological markers of hepatitis B virus in hospitalized patients (Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Service of the University Hospital Center of Brazzaville-Congo). Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de santé colonial. 51: 9-13.
  19. Elira Dokekias A OEJ, Gouary Kinkouna AS, Bokilo Dzia Lepfoundzou A, Garcia S (2003) Séroprévalence de l’hépatite virale C chez les malades polytransfusés au CHU de Brazzaville. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 96: 279-82.
  20. Survey of safety and on the indicators of Sida au Congo (ESISC-I). National Center for Statistics and Economic Studies (CNSEE) /ICF Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA. Synthesis report, November 2009.
  21. Biendo M, Yala F, Otileon AR, Loukaka JC (1990) Etude Sero-Epidemiologique De Trois Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles (Syphilis, Infection VIH, Hepatite Virale B) à Brazzaville: Recherche d'une liaison entre les trois MST. Medicine and Infectious Youth. 20: 68-71.
  22. Bossali F, Taty-Taty R, Houssissa P, N’suele W, Lingouala LG, Ontsira EN (2012) Séroprévalence de la co-infection hepatitis B, hepatitis C and VIH chez des femmes accouchées à la maternité de l’hopital Adolphe Sicé de Pointe-Noire in 2010. Journal of Africa and Hepato-Gastroenterology. 6: 315-9.
  23. Nwankwo EMI, Umar I, Musa B, Adeleke S (2012) Seroprevalence of major blood-borne infections among blood donors in Kano, Nigeria. Turk J Med Sci 42: 337-41.
  24. Ali IM, Amirthalingam R (2013) Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infectivity among blood donors in ibn sina teaching hospital in sirt region of Libya. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences. 2(4): 816-22.
  25. Tagny CT, Owusu‐Ofori S, Mbanya D, Deneys V (2010) The blood donor in sub‐Saharan Africa: a review. Transfusion Medicine. 20: 1-10.
  26. French Blood Establishment (EFS). Activity report. 2016.
  27. Tessema B, Yismaw G, Kassu A, Amsalu A, Mulu A, Emmrich F, Sack U. (2010) Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: declining trends over a period of five years. BMC Infectious diseas 10: 111.
  28. Li C, Xiao X, Yin H, He M, Li J, Dai Y, Lin C (2012) Prevalence and prevalence trends of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at four Chinese regional blood centers between 2000 and 2010. Journal of translational medicine. 10: 176.
  29. Wasfi OAS, Sadek NA (2011) Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibodies among blood donors in Alexandria, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean health journal. 17: 238.
  30. Dessie A, Abera B, Wale F (2007) Seroprevalence of major blood-borne infections among blood donors at Felege Hiwot referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 21: 68-9.
  31. Mogtomo ML, Fomekong SL, Kuate HF, Ngane AN (2009) Screening of infectious microorganisms in blood banks in Douala (1995-2004). Sante. 19: 3-8.
  32. Xie DD, Li J, Chen JT, Eyi UM, Matesa RA, et al. (2015) Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Treponema pallidum Infections among Blood Donors on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. PloS one 10: e0139947.
  33. Matee MI, Lyamuya EF, Mbena EC, Magessa PM, Sufi J, et al. (1999) Prevalence of transfusion-associated viral infections and syphilis among blood donors in Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East African medical journal. 76: 167-71.
  34. Nagalo BM, Bisseye C, Sanou M, Kienou K, Nebié YK, et al. (2012) Seroprevalence and incidence of transfusion‐transmitted infectious diseases among blood donors from regional blood transfusion centres in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Tropical medicine & international health. 17: 247-53.
  35. Noubiap JJN, Joko WYA, Nansseu JRN, Tene UG, Siaka C (2013) Sero-epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and syphilis infections among first-time blood donors in Edéa, Cameroon. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17: 832-7.
  36. Kubio C, Tierney G, Quaye T, Nabilisi JW, Ziemah C, et al. (2012) Blood transfusion practice in a rural hospital in Northern Ghana, Damongo, West Gonja District. Transfusion. 52: 2161-6.
  37. Cao WW, Zhou RR, Ou Xinghua, Shi LX, Xiao CQ, et al. (2018) Prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and Treponema pallidum infections in hospitalized patients before transfusion in Xiangya hospital Central South University, China from 2011 to 2016. BMC Infectious Diseases. 18: 145.
  38. Niama RF, Loukabou Bongolo NC, Bayonne Kombo ES, Yengo R, et al. (2017) Syphilis and HIV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Republic of Congo. Pan African Med J. 28: 8.
  39. Fasola FA, Kotila TR, Akinyemi JO (2008) Trends in transfusion-transmitted viral infections from 2001 to 2006 in Ibadan, Nigeria. Intervirology 51: 427-31.
    Soriano VBP, Nunez M (2006) Management of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV-coinfected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 57: 815-8.
  40. Matee MI, Magesa PM, Lyamuya EF (2006) Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis infections among blood donors at the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC public health. 6: 21.
  41. Gao X, Cui Q, Shi X, Su J, Peng Z, et al. (2011) Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases. 11: 88.
  42. Mavenyengwa RT, Mukesi M, Chipare I, Shoombe E (2014) Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, hepatitis B and C in blood donations in Namibia. BMC public health 14: 424.
  43. Bere M, Sunada R (1993) Women and AIDS: Social economic and political factors that increase risk for women. Great Britain, Scot print LTD.
  44. Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Wiersma ST (2012) The risk of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: hepatitis B eantigen (HBeAg) prevalence estimates for all world regions. BMC infectious diseases. 12: 131.
  45. Van der Poel CL, Seifried E, Schaasberg WP (2002) Paying for blood donations: still a risk? Vox sanguinis. 83: 285-93.