Figure 1: Chemical structure of AF’s (3)
|
AFB1 |
AFB1 |
AFB1 |
AFB1 |
AFB1(0.5 mg/kg/day, orally for 7 days)+ Likopen (5 mg/kg/day, orally, 15 days) |
AFB1 (1.5 mg/ kg/day, orally for 3 days )+Likopen (5 mg/kg) every other day, orally 15 days) |
AFB1 (2.5 mg/ kg a single i.p)+Vit E (100 mg/kg/day, orally, 20 days) |
AFB1 (1mg/kg/day, orally, 7days)+Propolis |
(0.5 mg/kg/ |
(1.5 mg/ kg/day, orally, 3 days ) |
(2.5 mg/ kg, a single, i.p.) |
(1 mg/kg/day,orally, 7 days) |
(100 mg/kg/day,orally, 10 days) |
||||
day, orally, 7 days) |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
Liver Heart, Kidney |
Heart, Kidney |
Liver Heart Kidney |
Erythrocyte, Liver |
Heart, Kidney |
Heart, Kidney |
Liver, Heart Kidney |
Erythrocyte |
Liver |
||||||||
MDA |
increase |
increase |
increase |
increase |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
GSH |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
increase |
heart unchanged |
increase |
increase |
kidney increase |
||||||||
CAT |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
liver increase heart increase kidney unchanged |
heart increase |
liver increase heart unchange kidney unchanged |
increase |
kidney unchanged |
||||||||
GSH-Px |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
|
increase |
increase |
liver uncahnged heart increase kidney increase |
increase |
|
heart unchanged liver decrease kidney decrease |
heart decrease |
decrease |
liver increase |
increase |
heart increase kidney unchanged |
increase |
liver decrease |
GST |
kidney unchanged |
|||||||
|
|
|||||||
SOD |
decrease |
decrease |
decrease |
|
liver increase heart, unchange kidney unchange |
unchange |
liver increase heart unchange kidney increase |
increase |
Table 1: The effects of lycopene, Vitamin E and propolis in experimental studies using AFB1 at different concentrations. Data Sources in the Table [7,13,17,18]
Species |
LD50 (mg/kg) |
Rabbit |
0.3-0.5 |
Cat |
0.55 |
Dog |
1 |
Sheep |
2 |
Calf |
1.5 |
Guinea pig |
1.4-2 |
Chicken (21days) |
18 |
Turkey (15 days) |
3.2 |
Ducklings (cubs) |
0.3-0.6 |
Rat |
9 |
Male Monkey |
2.2 |
Pig |
0.62 |
Table 2: AFB1 LD50 values by species
Type of Test |
Cell Line |
Results |
Reference |
CCK-8 |
BME |
Aflatoxins AFB1 and AFM1 exhibited cytotoxic properties in a dose- and time-dependent manner at various concentrations after 24 and 48 h of incubation. They also induced apoptosis and increased the ratio of cells in the G1 and G2 phases. |
(66) |
MTT, LDH release |
Caco-2, Hep-G2, SK-N-SH |
Both aflatoxins AFB1 and AFM1 decreased the viability of cells by damaging the cell membrane. |
(67) |
MTT |
Caco-2 |
Aflatoxin AFM1 inhibited cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. |
(68) |
MTT, LDH release |
BRL 3A |
AFB1 reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AFB1 also increased LDH activity, apoptotic cell ratio and ROS production. |
(69) |
MTT, NRU |
Caco-2, |
AFB1 exhibited cytotoxic properties against MDBK, reducing cell viability by 21% after 48 h of incubation with AFB1 at a concentration of 3.8 µg/mL. No significant decrease in cell viability was observed in Raw264.7 and Caco-2 cell lines. |
(70) |
Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 |
BME-UV1 |
Aflatoxin B1 is cytotoxic against the BME-UV1 cell line in a doseand time-dependent manner, with LC50 values of 687 and 180 nM after 24 and 48 h, respectively. |
(71) |
MTT, NRU |
BME-UV1 |
Aflatoxin caused a decrease in cell viability in a dose- and timedependent manner. NRU tests showed that after 72 h of incubation, cell viability was decreased by more than 70% in all concentrations tested. The MTT test also showed a significant decrease in cell viability in all concentrations tested after 24 h of incubation. |
(72) |
MTT |
Caco-2 |
Aflatoxin B1 and M1 exhibited cytotoxic properties against the Caco-2 cell line. The MTT assay showed a significant dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability, both differentiated and undifferentiated cells, when treated with mycotoxins. It was shown that aflatoxin B1 is more cytotoxic than aflatoxin M1. |
(73) |
MTT, LDH release |
PK-15 |
Aflatoxin B1 exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic properties. The MTT test showed that after 48 h of incubation, the IC50 for aflatoxin B1 was 38.8 µM. Regarding the LDH release, an AFB1 in concentration of 24.9 µM caused an increase in LDH release by 30% after 24 h of incubation. |
(74) |
Cell Proliferation ELISA BrdU Kit, |
MAC-T |
Incubation with AFB1 significantly decreased cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Since the ratio of cells in sub-G1, S and G2/M phases was elevated, it was assumed that AFB1 inhibited cell proliferation by inhibiting the cell cycle. Flow cytometry also showed that incubation with AFB1 induced apoptosis in MAC-T cells. |
(75) |
High content screening |
BF-2 |
AFB1 reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 estimated at 11.11 µM. Moreover, AFB1 generated strong oxidative stress. |
(76) |
Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 |
HepG-2, BEAS-2B |
AFB1 decreased HepG-2 cell viability, with a IC50 estimated at 1 µM; however, after exposure of BEAS-2B cells to AFB1, cell viability was at 90% compared to the control group in all tested concentrations. |
(77) |
Table 3: Cytotoxicity of aflatoxins tested on different cell lines
Mycotoxin |
Food crop |
Established levels (mg/kg) |
|
Aflatoxins |
Codex Alimentarius standard |
AFB1 |
Total |
Aflatoxins |
European Union maximum and guidance levels Groundnuts (peanuts), hazelnut, Brazil nuts, other oilseeds for processing |
AFB1 8 |
Total 15 |
Aflatoxin B1 |
USA: Action and guidance levels All food crops |
20 |
|
Aflatoxins |
Canada: Maximum and guidance levels Nuts |
15 |
|
Aflatoxins |
Australia: Maximum levels Peanuts, tree nuts |
15 |
|
Aflatoxin B1 |
Japan: Maximum and provisional maximum levels All food crops |
10 |
|
Aflatoxin B1 |
China: Maximum and guidance levels Maize |
10 |
|
Table 4: Maximum levels for most often regulated mycotoxins in food crops
Figure 1: Chemical structure of AF’s (3)
Figure 2: Schematic representation of AFB1's relationship with ROS and the occurrence of cancer [36]
Figure 3: Effects of AFB1. AFB1 reacts with DNA, RNA, proteins and other compounds to form adducts. These AFB1 adducts cause many genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations leading to the deregulation of many cellular metabolic pathways affecting the growth and normal functioning of cells [63]
Figure 4: AFB1 biotransformation pathways [64]
Figure 5: Full Body Skin and Eye Exam.
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance