Tables at a glance

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Figures at a glance

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Table 1

Table 1: Chemical sample used in this work

Table 2

Models	Parameters	Correlations
Freundlich	kF (mg/g)	27.0 ± 1.5
	nF	0.35 ± 0.02
	R2	0.9982
Langmuir	qm	2102.8 ± 726729.5
	kL (mL/mg) R2	0.005 ± 1.889
	kL (mL/mg) R2	0.6799
Sips	qmS (mg/g)	27.4 ± 2.2
	kS (mL/mg)	2.2 ± 0.4
	mS	3.8 ± 0.1
	R2	0.9999

Table 2: Equilibrium parameters obtained by the fittings of the isotherm models using ion exchange with Tanex resin at 25.0 ą 0.1 °C

Table 3

Analysis	Solution A*	Solution B**
Catechin (g/L)	0.62 ± 0.01	0.62 ± 0.01
Vitamin C (mg/100g)	NR	147 ± 5
pH	5.8 ± 0.0	3.1 ± 0.1
°Brix	0.0	11.0 ± 0.1
Acidity (g/100 g citric acid)	NR	0.20 ± 0.00

Table 3: Chemical and physico-chemical analyzes of solutions A and B before ion exchange

Table 4

Analyzes	Cashew apple juice 1	Cashew apple juice 2
Condensed tannins (mg/100 g)	15 ± 1	115 ± 1
Vitamin C (mg/100 g)	185 ± 6	156 ± 5
pH	4.72 ± 0.01	4.21 ± 0.02
°Brix	11.6 ± 0.1	11.4 ± 0.1
Acidity (g/100 g citric acid)	0.30 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.01

Table 4: Chemical and physico-chemical analyzes of cashew apple juice of different batches before ion exchange in fixed-bed column

FIGURE 1

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the ion exchange column, where (1) container for feed solution; (2) peristaltic pump; (3) ion exchange resin

FIGURE 2

Figure 2: Equilibrium isotherms for the removal of condensed tannins in cashew apple juice by ion exchange with the Tanex resin and fitted isotherms using the Freundlich, Langmuir and Sips models

FIGURE 3

Figure 3: Removal percentage and breakthrough curve for the adsorption of catechin from solution A in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin, as a function of time

FIGURE 4

Figure 4: Breakthrough curves for catechin, vitamin C and °Brix using solution B in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin as a function of time

FIGURE 5

Figure 5: Breakthrough curves for acidity using solution B in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin, as a function of time

FIGURE 6

Figure 6: Breakthrough curves for pH using solution B in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin, as a function of time

FIGURE 7

Figure 7: Breakthrough curves for tannins, vitamin C and °Brix in cashew apple juice 1 (J1) and 2 (J2), in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin, as a function of time

FIGURE 8

Figure 8: Breakthrough curves for acidity in both juices J1 (a) and J2 (b), in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin, as a function of time

FIGURE 9

Figure 9: Breakthrough curves for pH in both juices J1 (a) and J2 (b), in a fixed-bed column packed with Tanex resin, as a function of time