Separation Technique |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
Physiochemical Adsorption
Ion exchange Membrane filtration
Electrokinetic coagulation Chemical
Fenton reagent Ozonation Photocatalyst
Biological Aerobic degradation
Anaerobic degradation |
High adsorption capacity for all dyes.
No loss of sorbents. Effective for all dyes with high quality effluent.
Economically feasible.
Effective process and cheap reagent. Economically feasible and low operational cost.
Efficient in the removal of azo dyes and low operational cost.
By-products can be used as energy sources
|
High cost of adsorbents. Need to dispose of adsorbents. Low surface area for some adsorbents. Suitable for treating low volume and production of sludge. Need further treatments by flocculation and filtration and production of sludge. Sludge production and disposal problems.
Very slow process and provide suitable environment for growth of microorganisms. Need further treatment under aerobic conditions and yield of methane and hydrogen sulfide. |
|
|
|
|
The advantages and disadvantages of various dye removal techniques [9, 11]
Adsorbents |
Dyes |
Adsorption capacity |
Reference |
Peroxide treated rice husk |
Malachite Green |
26.0 |
[106] |
Raw coffee residue |
Basic blue 3G |
251 |
[32] |
Coffee waste |
Toluidine Blue |
142.5 |
[33] |
Raw coffee residue |
Remazol Blue |
232 |
[32] |
Pine cone |
Congo red |
19.18 |
[27] |
Acid treated pine cone |
Congo red |
40.19 |
[27] |
Eucalyptus wood |
Congo red |
66.7 |
[107] |
Date Stones |
Methylene blue |
43.5 |
[108] |
Palm-Trees |
Methylene blue |
39.5 |
[108] |
Palm shell |
Reactive red 141 |
14.0 |
[61] |
Palm shell |
Reactive blue 21 |
24.7 |
[61]
|
Acid treated papaya seed |
Methylene blue |
250 |
[109]
|
Papaya seed |
Methylene blue |
200 |
[109]
|
Papaya seed |
Congo red |
71 |
[109]
|
Acid treated papaya seed |
Congo red |
59 |
[109]
|
Peanut hull |
Reactive black 5 |
55.6 |
[110] |
Pine cone Pine tree leave |
Methylene blue Methylene Blue |
109.9 126.6 |
[4] [3] |
Neem bark |
Malachite green |
0.36 |
[111] |
Mango bark |
Malachite green |
0.5 |
[111] |
Pine cone |
Acid Black 26 |
62.9 |
[31]
|
Pine cone |
Acid Green 25 |
43.3 |
[31]
|
Pine cone |
Acid Blue 7 |
37.4 |
[31]
|
Pine tree leaves |
Basic red 46 |
71.9 |
[26] |
palm kernel fiber |
Crystal violet |
78.9 |
[112] |
palm kernel fibre |
Methylene blue |
95.4 |
[112]
|
Organo-attapulgite |
Congo red |
189.4 |
[65] |
Garlic peel |
Methylene blue |
142.9 |
[113] |
Rice husk |
Indigo Carmine |
65.9 |
[62] |
Yellow Passion fruit |
Methylene blue |
44.7 |
[114] |
Soy meal hull |
Direct red 81 |
120.5 |
[115] |
Soy meal hull |
Acid blue 92 |
114.9 |
[115] |
Soy meal hull |
Acid red 14 |
109.9 |
[115] |
Rice husk |
Methylene blue |
40.6 |
[15] |
Sugar cane bagasse |
Congo red |
38 |
[116] |
Compilation results on the removal of various dyes by various raw and treated agricultural by-product waste adsorbent
Material |
Dye |
Adsorption capacity qmax(mg/g) |
Reference |
Commercial activated carbon |
Reactive Violet 5 |
517.1 |
[36] |
Commercial activated carbon |
Acid Red 97 |
52 |
[1] |
Commercial activated carbon |
Acid Orange 61 |
169 |
[1] |
Commercial activated carbon |
Acid Brown 425 |
222 |
[1] |
Commercial activated carbon |
Congo red |
300 |
[22] |
Commercial activated carbon |
Remazol red B |
145 |
[117] |
Pine cone based AC |
Congo red |
500 |
[30] |
Cocoa shell AC |
Reactive Violet 5 |
603.3 |
[36] |
Bael shell based AC |
Congo red |
98 |
[42] |
Waste tea based AC |
Acid blue 29 |
596 |
[28] |
Bamboo based AC |
Methylene blue |
454 |
[118] |
Cattail based AC |
Neutral red |
192 |
[119] |
Cattail based AC |
Malachite green |
196 |
[119] |
Pomelo skin based AC |
Acid blue 15 |
444 |
[59] |
Pomelo skin based AC |
Methylene blue |
501 |
[59] |
Date stone based AC |
Methylene blue |
316 |
[40] |
Olive stone based AC |
Remazol red B |
9 |
[117] |
Rice husk based AC |
Methylene blue |
442 |
[120] |
Rambutan peel based AC |
Malachite green |
329 |
[121] |
Rubber seed coat based AC |
Malachite green |
227 |
[122] |
Myrtus communisbased AC |
Congo red |
19 |
[123] |
Pomegranate based AC |
Congo red |
10 |
[123] |
Removal of dyes by Commercial activated carbon (CAC) and biomass based activated carbon (AC).
Culture |
Dye |
Dye removal |
References |
P. chrysosporium fungi |
Coracryl violet |
100
|
[101] |
P. chrysosporium fungi |
Coracryl pink |
100 |
[101]
|
D. squalens fungi |
Coracryl pink |
100
|
[101] |
T.versicolor ATCC 20869 |
Remozol blue |
98 |
[124]
|
P. chrysosporium ATCC 24725 |
Remozol red |
97 |
[124]
|
P. chrysosporium ATCC 24725 |
Remozol blue |
95 |
[124]
|
Aspergillus niger fungi |
Direct violet |
92 |
[125]
|
Bacteria consortium SKB-II |
Congo red |
90 |
[126]
|
C. polyzonaMUCL 38443 |
Acid blue 62 |
90 |
[127] |
Trametes species CNPR 4783 |
Remazol blue |
89 |
[124]
|
T.Versicolor ATCC 20869 |
Remozol red |
85 |
[124]
|
Bacteria consortium SKB-I |
Blue BCC |
74 |
[126]
|
P. sanguineus fungi |
Coracryl black |
67 |
[101]
|
Lyophilised bacterial consortium |
Blue Bezaktiv 150 |
62 |
[98] |
Trametes species CNPR 4801 |
Remazol blue |
58 |
[124]
|
D. flavida fungi |
Coracryl pink |
53 |
[101]
|
T. versicolour DSM 11269
|
Disperse red 1 |
50 |
[113]
|
Myrioconium sp. UHH 1-6-18-4 |
Disperse blue 1 |
43 |
[113]
|
S.rugosoannulataDSM 11372 |
Reactive red 4 |
31 |
[113]
|
Table 6: Bacteria and Fungi strains commonly used in dye biodegradation
Table 1:The common natural dyes used in textile industry [103]
Table 2: Classification of synthetic dyes based on applications [13, 23, 79]