Separation Technique

Advantages

       Disadvantages

 

Physiochemical

Adsorption

 

Ion exchange

Membrane filtration

 

Electrokinetic coagulation

Chemical

 

Fenton reagent

Ozonation

Photocatalyst

 

Biological

Aerobic degradation

 

Anaerobic degradation

 

 

High adsorption capacity for all dyes.

 

No loss of sorbents.

Effective for all dyes with high quality effluent.

 

Economically feasible.

 

 

Effective process and cheap reagent.
No production of sludge.

Economically feasible and low operational cost.

 

 

Efficient in the removal of azo dyes and low operational cost.

 

By-products can be used as energy sources

 

 

 

High cost of adsorbents. Need to dispose of adsorbents. Low surface area for some adsorbents.
Not effective for disperse dyes.

Suitable for treating low volume and production of sludge.

Need further treatments by flocculation and filtration and production of sludge.

Sludge production and disposal problems.
Half-life is very short (20 min) and high operational cost.
Degrade of some photocatalyst into toxic by-products.

 

 

Very slow process and provide suitable environment for growth of microorganisms.

Need further treatment under aerobic conditions and yield of methane and hydrogen sulfide.

 

 

 

The advantages and disadvantages of various dye removal techniques [9, 11]

Adsorbents

Dyes

Adsorption capacity
qmax (mg/g)

Reference

 

Peroxide treated rice husk

 

Malachite Green

 

26.0

 

[106]

Raw coffee residue

Basic blue 3G

251

[32]

Coffee waste

Toluidine Blue

142.5

[33]

Raw coffee residue

Remazol Blue

232

[32]

Pine cone

Congo red

19.18

[27]

Acid treated pine cone

Congo red

40.19

[27]

Eucalyptus wood

Congo red

66.7

[107]

Date Stones

Methylene blue

43.5

[108]

Palm-Trees

Methylene blue

39.5

[108]

Palm shell

Reactive red 141

14.0

[61]

Palm shell

Reactive blue 21

24.7

[61]

 

Acid treated papaya seed

Methylene blue

250

[109]

 

Papaya seed

Methylene blue

200

[109]

 

Papaya seed

Congo red

71

[109]

 

Acid treated papaya seed

Congo red

59

[109]

 

Peanut hull

Reactive black 5

55.6

[110]

Pine cone

Pine tree leave

Methylene blue

Methylene Blue

109.9

126.6

[4]

[3]

Neem bark

Malachite green

0.36

[111]

Mango bark

Malachite green

0.5

[111]

Pine cone

Acid Black 26

62.9

[31]

 

Pine cone

Acid Green 25

43.3

[31]

 

Pine cone

Acid Blue 7

37.4

[31]

 

Pine tree leaves

Basic red 46

71.9

[26]

palm kernel fiber

Crystal violet

78.9

[112]

palm kernel fibre

Methylene blue

95.4

[112]

 

Organo-attapulgite

Congo red

189.4

[65]

Garlic peel

Methylene blue

142.9

[113]

Rice husk

Indigo Carmine

65.9

[62]

Yellow Passion fruit

Methylene blue

44.7

[114]

Soy meal hull

Direct red 81

120.5

[115]

Soy meal hull

Acid blue 92

114.9

[115]

Soy meal hull

Acid red 14

109.9

[115]

Rice husk

Methylene blue

40.6

[15]

Sugar cane bagasse

Congo red

38

[116]

Compilation results on the removal of various dyes by various raw and treated agricultural by-product waste adsorbent

Material

 Dye

Adsorption capacity qmax(mg/g)

Reference

Commercial activated carbon

Reactive Violet 5

517.1

[36]

Commercial activated carbon

Acid Red 97

52

[1]

Commercial activated carbon

Acid Orange 61

169

[1]

Commercial activated carbon

Acid Brown 425

222

[1]

Commercial activated carbon

Congo red

300

[22]

Commercial activated carbon

Remazol red B

145

[117]

Pine cone based AC

Congo red

500

[30]

Cocoa shell  AC

Reactive Violet 5

603.3

[36]

Bael shell based AC

Congo red

98

[42]

Waste tea  based AC

Acid blue 29

596

[28]

Bamboo based AC

Methylene blue

454

[118]

Cattail based AC

Neutral red

192

[119]

Cattail based AC

Malachite green

196

[119]

Pomelo skin based AC

Acid blue 15

444

[59]

Pomelo skin based AC

Methylene blue

501

[59]

Date stone based AC

Methylene blue

316

[40]

Olive stone based AC

Remazol red B

9

[117]

Rice husk based AC

Methylene blue

442

[120]

Rambutan peel based AC

Malachite green

329

[121]

Rubber seed coat based AC

Malachite green

227

[122]

Myrtus communisbased AC

Congo red

19

[123]

Pomegranate based AC

Congo red

10

[123]

Removal of dyes by Commercial activated carbon (CAC) and biomass based activated carbon (AC).

Culture

Dye

Dye removal
 (%)

References

P. chrysosporium fungi

Coracryl violet

100

 

[101]

P. chrysosporium fungi

Coracryl pink

100

[101]

 

D. squalens fungi

Coracryl pink

100

 

[101]

T.versicolor ATCC 20869

Remozol blue

98

[124]

 

P. chrysosporium ATCC 24725

Remozol red

97

[124]

 

P. chrysosporium ATCC 24725

Remozol blue

95

[124]

 

Aspergillus niger fungi

Direct violet

92

[125]

 

Bacteria consortium SKB-II

Congo red

90

[126]

 

C. polyzonaMUCL 38443

Acid blue 62

90

[127]

Trametes species CNPR 4783

Remazol blue

89

[124]

 

T.Versicolor ATCC 20869

Remozol red

85

[124]

 

Bacteria consortium SKB-I

Blue BCC

74

[126]

 

P. sanguineus fungi

Coracryl black

67

[101]

 

 

Lyophilised bacterial consortium

 

Blue Bezaktiv 150

 

62

 

[98]

Trametes species CNPR 4801

Remazol blue

58

[124]

 

D. flavida fungi

Coracryl pink

53

[101]

 

T. versicolour DSM 11269

 

Disperse red 1

50

[113]

 

 Myrioconium sp. UHH 1-6-18-4

Disperse blue 1

43

[113]

 

 S.rugosoannulataDSM 11372

Reactive red 4

31

[113]

 

Table 6: Bacteria and Fungi strains commonly used in dye biodegradation

Table 1:The common natural dyes used in textile industry [103]

Table 2: Classification of synthetic dyes based on applications [13, 23, 79]