| Characteristics, Traits, Properties | Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) | AFP-Derived Growth Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) | References |
| 1) Cell membrane penetration effects | Forms transmembrane pores and/or ion channels, stabilizes the cell membrane potential | Interacts potentially with transmembrane channels and is a cell membrane disruptor | [1, 9] |
| 2) cell method internalization | Transmembrane channel, and pore forms, pinocytosis | Interacts with membrane channels, as a pore-forming and displays non-receptor endocytosis mechanism | [2, 4] |
| 3) Cell-specific targeting | Microbial cell wall/membrane, plasms membranes of vertebrate (mammals), transformed cancer cells | Plasma bilayer negative cell membrane; of target cells, transformed cancer cells, stem cells, and bacterial membranes | [6, 10] |
| 4) Cell cargo delivery and associated properties | Contains low cargo delivery capability, binds metals, dimerizes with peptides and proteins, binds nanoparticles | Transmembrane passage of small ligands, binds dyes, metals, and promotes protein/peptide interactions | [11, 13] |
| 5) Cell toxicity | Cytostatic and/or cytolytic | Cytostatic only | |
| 6) Number of AAs in lengthAmino Acid (AA) Composition | Largely amphipathic-containing both positive and negative charged AAs and hydrophobic AAs second structure | Amphipathic forms containing positive and negatively charged, and hydrophobic AAs in secondary structure | [23, 25] |
| 7) Peptide secondary structure | Displays alpha-helix, beta sheets, beta hairpin loop structures | Displays alpha-helix, Beta sheets, β-hairpin loops, and disordered structures | [32, 33] |
| 8) Effect of host immunity | Promotes and enhances the innate immune response of host organism, initiates immunomodulation | Synergistic with cytokine/chemokine receptor activities, binds secondary targets sites | [35, 36] |
| 9) Angiogenesis responsiveness | Modulates angiogenesis and related factors | Blocks/inhibits angiogenesis-associated factors | [36] |
| 10) Cytokine/chemokines interaction | induces cytokine/chemokine production pro-inflammatory reactions | Synergistic and regulate chemokine with activities | [37] |
| 11) Metastasis, cell spreading and migration | Neither enhances nor inhibits metastasis | Inhibits cell spreading/migration and inhibits metastasis | [40, 41] |
| 12) Effects on platelet aggregation | No effect | Inhibits platelet aggregation | [43, 45] |
Table 1: The Classical Antimicrobial Therapeutic Peptides (AMP) are Composed to the GIP-34 Peptide and Listed According to their Biochemical and Biophysical Characteristics, Traits, and Properties
GIP= growth inhibitory peptide; AMPs= antimicrobial peptides
| Human Tissue or Origin | Cell Line Designation | Tumor Tissue Type | % Growth Inhibition | Growth Response Degree |
| Colon | KM-12 | AC | 75 | Suppression |
| HCC-299 | AC | 80 | Suppression | |
| Colo-205 | AC | 10 | Slight Suppression | |
| HCT-116 | AC | 75 | Suppression | |
| Ovary | OVCAR-3 | AC | 80 | Suppression |
| SK-OV-3 | AC | 60 | Suppression | |
| IGROV1 | AC | 75 | Suppression | |
| OVCAR-4 | AC | 85 | Suppression | |
| Breast | MCF-7 | AC | 80 | Suppression |
| MDA-MB-231 | AC | 80 | Suppression | |
| MDA-MB-435 | AC | 70 | Suppression | |
| BT-549 | AC | 25-40 | Moderation Suppression | |
| T-47S | AC | 25 | Slight Suppression | |
| Prostate | PC-3 | AC | 80 | Suppression |
| DU-145 | AC | 90 | Suppression | |
| Non-small cell lung | HOP-62 | CA | 75 | Suppression |
| NCI-H226 | CA | 05-Oct | Slight Suppression | |
| NCI-H460 | CA | 80 | Suppression | |
| Melanoma | UACC-62 | Epithelial | 80 | Suppression |
| SK-MeL-28 | Squamous | 35 | Mild Suppression | |
| SK-MeL-5 | Squamous | 10 | Slight Suppression | |
| SK-MeL-2 | Squamous | 50-75 | Moderate Suppression | |
| UACC-257 | Squamous | 75-80 | Suppression | |
| Central Nervous System | SF-295 | CA | 80 | Suppression |
| SF-539 | CA | 15-20 | Slight Suppression | |
| U-251 | CA | 45 | Moderate Suppression | |
| SNB-75 | CA | 50 | Moderate Suppression | |
| Kidney | TK-10 | Renal CA | 85 | Suppression Moderate Suppression |
| RXF-393 | Renal CA | 45-50 | Suppression | |
| A498 | Renal CA | 75 | Suppression | |
| ACHN | Renal CA | 80 | Moderate Suppression | |
| CAK-1 | Renal CA | 50-75 |
Table 2: The Growth-Suppressive (Cytostatic) Screening Results* of Human AFP Derived Growth Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) for Multiple Types of Human Tumor Cell Cultures*. Cells Were Exposed to the Peptide for Six Days, Fixed, and Stained With Sulforhodamine-Β. None of the Cells’ Lines Were Dependent on Estrogen for Growth
Legend: AC= Adenocarcinoma, CA= Carcinoma
*National Cancer Institute Therapeutics Screening Program, Bethesda, MD, used with permission.
Data derived and extracted from Ref. 15,16,20
| Gene Title | Fold Decrease (-) | Cell Function |
| I. Cell Cycle Regulation | ||
| 1. Calpain (LOC 441200) | -32.5 | Cell cycle progression |
| 2. F-box/Wd40, Domain-10 (FBXW10) | -14.9 | P27 degradation pathway |
| 3. Establishment of Cohesion-1, Homolog (ESC02) | -9.2 | DNA replication |
| 4. Checkpoint Suppressor-1 (CHES1) (FOXN3) | -9.2 | S-phase checkpoint |
| 5. Cyclin- E** | -4.6 | Regulates G-S transition |
| 6. SKP2 | -4.3 | Mediates p27 degradation |
| 7. Transcription Dp-1 (TFDP1) | -4.3 | Binds E2F-1; G1 to S |
| 8. CDC20 Cell Division Homolog | -4.3 | Activates ubiquitin |
| 9. Histone-1, H4g (HIST1H4G) | -3.2 | DNA repair/replication |
| 10. Fanconi Amenia-D2 (FRANCD2) | -2 | DNA repair/synthesis |
| II. Ubiquitin-associated Proteases | ||
| 1. Tripartite Motif-containing-62 (TRIM62) | -3 | Finger ligase |
| 2. SH3 Domain Protein (EVE1) | -2.3 | ADAMS regulation |
| 3. SUMO1/Sentrin/SMT3 Specific Protease (SENO3) | -2.1 | Lysine targeting ubiquitin |
| 4. Ubiquitin Specific Protease-49 (MGC20741) | -2.1 | Ubiquitin enzyme |
| 5. Ubiquitin Ligase Protein Complex (KIAA0804) | -2.1 | Protein degradation |
| III. Channel Associated Proteins | ||
| 1. Potassium voltage-gated channel (KCNB2) | -8 | Shab ion channel |
| 2. Transmembrane Channel Like 5 (TMC5) | -5.2 | Ion transporter |
| 3. Potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like (KCNQ3) | -4 | Cation signaling |
Table 3: GIP Microarray Data: Transcripts of PCR Displaying 1.0 or Larger Log Fold (Log Base 2.0) Decrease for Genes Associated with Cell Division and Proliferation Processes*, Ubiquitin, and Ion Channels
*Expression of 716 transcripts was significantly altered after 8 days of treatment with GIP as compared to treatment with the scrambled peptide. Four hundred thirty were downregulated, while 286 were up regulated.
**=real time PCR
Tables at a glance