Group |
|
Raised Position (ml) |
Lowered Position (ml) |
1Percent Difference (%) |
Young Vs. Old (%) |
Young (n=16) |
Male (n=8) |
523.8±47.6 |
545.0±47.8 |
3.9±1.0* |
4.11±0.41* |
Female (n=8) |
355.5±21.4 |
371.6±23.6 |
4.3±2.1 |
||
Old (n=19) |
Male (n=9) |
484.0±46.7 |
496.6±42.7 |
2.6±1.4 |
2.85±0.31 |
Female (n=10) |
428.1±74.2 |
441.5±74.7 |
3.1±1.3 |
||
Total |
|
447.7±79.7 |
463.3±80.5 |
3.4±1.6 |
|
Values are mean±standard deviation (SD)
1Percent difference (%) = 100 x (Lowered Position-Raised Position)/Lowered Position *p<0.05
>Table 1: Average volume at each position and percent changes in hand-wrist volume of each group, and comparison young versus old groups.`
Figure 1: The hand and wrist are submerged in the hand volumeter (right) and the mass of the fluid is displaced to a weighed beaker (left) is multiplied by the density of the water-3% ethanol mixture. The middle and ring finger are separated by a plastic peg in the volumeter.
Figure 2: Comparison of the percent change in hand volume between different age groups. The Young group (18-35 years) had a significantly greater percent change in hand volume than the Old group (50-65 years). Values are mean±standard error (SE)