Group

 

Raised Position (ml)

Lowered Posi­tion (ml)

1Percent Differ­ence (%)

Young Vs. Old (%)

Young (n=16)

Male (n=8)

523.8±47.6

545.0±47.8

3.9±1.0*

4.11±0.41*

Female (n=8)

355.5±21.4

371.6±23.6

4.3±2.1

Old (n=19)

Male (n=9)

484.0±46.7

496.6±42.7

2.6±1.4

2.85±0.31

Female (n=10)

428.1±74.2

441.5±74.7

3.1±1.3

Total

 

447.7±79.7

463.3±80.5

3.4±1.6

 

Values are mean±standard deviation (SD)
1Percent difference (%) = 100 x (Lowered Position-Raised Position)/Lowered Position *p<0.05 >Table 1: Average volume at each position and percent changes in hand-wrist volume of each group, and comparison young versus old groups.`

Figure 1: The hand and wrist are submerged in the hand volumeter (right) and the mass of the fluid is displaced to a weighed beaker (left) is multiplied by the density of the water-3% ethanol mixture. The middle and ring finger are separated by a plastic peg in the volumeter.

Figure 2: Comparison of the percent change in hand volume between different age groups. The Young group (18-35 years) had a significantly greater percent change in hand volume than the Old group (50-65 years). Values are mean±standard error (SE)