With CAD (n=36)

Without CAD (n=45)

P value

Age (years)

77.8 ± 5.3

75.7 ± 6.5

0.1224

Follow-up period (years)

7.0 [5.0, 9.0]

5.1 [4.0, 7.1]

0.1174

Male (%)

29 (80.6)

37 (82.2)

0.8478

Medical history (%)

 

 

 

Hypertension

34 (94.4)

42 (93.3)

0.8364

Diabetes mellitus

16 (44.4)

23 (51.1)

0.5507

Dyslipidemia

35 (97.2)

40 (88.9)

0.1547

Chronic kidney disease

11 (30.6)

7 (15.6)

0.1066

Atherosclerosis obliterans

6 (16.7)

2 (4.4)

0.0669

Atrial fibrillation

3 (8.3)

1 (2.2)

0.2072

Smoking history

26 (72.2)

35 (77.8)

0.5645

Alcohol >40 g/day

4 (11.1)

1 (2.2)

0.0986

Use of antiplatelet

35 (97.2)

44 (97.8)

0.8728

Use of anticoagulant

4 (11.1)

2 (4.4)

0.2549

Dementia

0

3 (6.7)

0.1144

Brain infarction

7 (19.4)

10 (22.2)

0.7603

CA stenosis at examination (%)

 

 

 

Right

41.8 [0, 54.5]

47.0 [0, 60.4]

0.3283

Left

52.0 [38.6, 59.0]

37.0 [0, 53.1]

0.0164

Contralateral ICA occlusion (%)

1 (2.8)

1 (2.2)

0.8728

Intracranial atherosclerosis (%)

8 (22.2)

9 (20.0)

0.8072

DWMH grade

1 [1, 2]

1 [0, 1]

0.1266

DWMH grade ³2 (%)

12 (33.3)

9 (20.0)

0.1736

PVH grade

1 [0, 1.8]

1 [0, 2]

0.5956

PVH grade ³2 (%)

8 (22.2)

12 (26.7)

0.6448

Table 1. Baseline demographic characteristics at the examination

CAD, coronary artery disease; CA, carotid artery; ICA, internal carotid artery; DWMH, deep white matter hyperintensity; PVH, periventricular hyperintensity

 

With CAD (n=36)

Without CAD (n=45)

P value

Symptomatic onset (%)

18 (50.0)

32 (71.1)

0.0521

Operated side (%)

 

 

0.1298

Right

23 (63.9)

21 (46.7)

 

Left

9 (25.0)

21 (46.7)

 

Bilateral

4 (11.1)

3 (6.7)

 

Hyperintensity on postoperative DWI (%)

3 (8.3)

6 (13.3)

0.4768

Postoperative HP (%)

0

2 (4.4)

0.2003

Postoperative HPS (%)

0

1 (2.2)

0.3681

Use of internal shunt (%)

13 (36.1)

18 (40.0)

0.7205

Table 2.Perioperative demographic characteristics.

CAD, coronary artery disease; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; HP, hyperperfusion; HPS, hyperperfusion syndrome

 

With CAD (n=36)

Without CAD (n=45)

P value

Cognistat

 

 

 

Total score

94 [82, 97.8]

96 [92, 100]

0.0966

Orientation

10 [9.3, 10]

10 [10, 10]

0.5091

Attention

10 [6, 10]

10 [8, 10]

0.3698

Comprehension

10 [7, 10]

10 [10, 10]

0.0274

Repetition

11 [8, 11]

11 [8.5, 11]

0.2108

Naming

10 [10, 10]

10 [9, 10]

0.5799

Construction

9 [7.3, 11]

9 [8, 11]

0.3634

Memory

7.5 [6, 9]

8 [7, 10]

0.0392

Calculation

10 [8.5, 10]

10 [10, 10]

0.1122

Similarity

10 [9, 10]

10 [9, 10]

0.1551

Judgment

10 [9, 11]

10 [10, 11]

0.4356

FAB

 

 

 

Total score

13 [11, 16]

14 [12, 16]

0.2093

Conceptualization

2 [1, 2]

2 [2, 2]

0.0113

Mental flexibility

2 [1, 2]

2 [1.5, 3]

0.1963

Programming

2 [1, 3]

2 [1, 3]

0.7588

Sensitivity to interference

3 [3, 3]

3 [3, 3]

0.4302

Inhibitory control

2 [1, 3]

2 [1, 3]

0.4740

Environmental autonomy

3 [3, 3]

3 [3, 3]

0.2743

Education (years)

12 [9, 16]

12 [12, 16]

0.2074

mRS at examination

0 [0, 1]

0 [0, 1]

0.8132

Barthel index at examination

100 [100, 100]

100 [100, 100]

0.8328

Table 3. Cognitive examination

CAD, coronary artery disease; FAB, frontal assessment battery; mRS, modified Rankin scale

Variable

Odds ratio (95% Confidence interval)

P value

Deep white matter hyperintensity

32.2 (3.20-323.66)

0.0032

Chronic kidney disease

6.11 (1.13-33.19)

0.0360

Age

0.86 (0.73-1.03)

0.0720

Education

1.20 (0.95-1.52)

0.1235

Alcohol

4.33 (0.50-37.26)

0.1816

Arteriosclerosis obliterans bypass

2.78 (0.38-20.50)

0.3164

Coronary artery bypass graft

0.43 (0.05-4.12)

0.4631

Male

0.65 (0.10-4.23)

0.6541

Current smoking

1.53 (0.24-9.95)

0.6541

Periventricular hyperintensity

1.22 (0.20-7.68)

0.8305

Left ventricular ejection fraction

0.93 (0.78-1.12)

0.8315

Smoking history

1.20 (0.20-7.25)

0.8425

Percutaneous coronary intervention

1.00 (0.21-4.81)

1.0000

Table 4. Univariate analysis for predictors of cognitive decline in patients with coronary artery disease.

 

Deep white matter hyperintensity grade

P value

 

0 (n=7)

1 (n=17)

2 (n=4)

3 (n=8)

Cognistat

 

 

 

 

 

Total score

97 [95, 99]

95 [88.5, 98.5]

76 [71.5, 89.5]

84 [68.75, 94]

0.0086

Orientation

10 [10, 10]

10 [9.5, 10]

9.5 [6, 10]

10 [6.75, 10]

0.3257

Attention

10 [6, 10]

10 [8, 10]

6 [3.75, 9]

8 [1.5, 10]

0.2782

Comprehension

10 [10, 10]

10 [8.5, 10]

7 [4.75, 9.25]

8.5 [4, 10]

0.0320

Repetition

11 [10, 11]

11 [8, 11]

7 [6.25, 10]

10.5 [6, 11]

0.2264

Naming

10 [10, 10]

10 [10, 10]

9 [7.5, 9.75]

10 [9.25, 10]

0.1697

Construction

9 [8, 11]

9 [8, 11]

7 [6, 8.75]

7.5 [6, 10.25]

0.0581

Memory

8 [5, 9]

8 [6, 9]

8 [6.25, 9]

6.5 [5.25, 8]

0.6135

Calculation

10 [10, 10]

10 [10, 10]

9 [6.5, 10]

9 [6.5, 10]

0.1334

Similarity

10 [9, 10]

10 [9, 10]

7.5 [6.25, 9.5]

9 [8.25, 10.75]

0.0418

Judgment

10 [9, 12]

10 [10, 11]

9.5[9, 10]

9.5 [9, 11]

0.5093

Frontal assessment battery

 

 

 

 

Total score

14 [13, 17]

15 [12.5, 16]

9.5 [8.25, 13]

10.5 [8.5, 11.75]

0.0002

Conceptualization

2 [2, 2]

2 [2, 2]

0 [0, 1.5]

2 [1, 2]

0.0059

Mental flexibility

2 [2, 3]

2 [1, 2]

2 [1.25, 2]

1.5 [0.25, 2.75]

0.1820

Programming

3 [1, 3]

3 [2, 3]

1.5 [1, 2]

1 [0.25, 2.75]

0.0311

Sensitivity to interference

3 [3, 3]

3 [3, 3]

3 [0.75, 3]

2 [0.25, 3]

0.0223

Inhibitory control

3 [2, 3]

2 [1, 3]

1.5 [0.25, 2]

1 [1, 2.75]

0.0880

Environmental autonomy

3 [3, 3]

3 [3, 3]

3 [3, 3]

3 [3, 3]

0.3309

Table 5. Cognitive examination by deep white matter hyperintensity in patients with coronary artery disease.