|
With CAD (n=36) |
Without CAD (n=45) |
P value |
Age (years) |
77.8 ± 5.3 |
75.7 ± 6.5 |
0.1224 |
Follow-up period (years) |
7.0 [5.0, 9.0] |
5.1 [4.0, 7.1] |
0.1174 |
Male (%) |
29 (80.6) |
37 (82.2) |
0.8478 |
Medical history (%) |
|
|
|
Hypertension |
34 (94.4) |
42 (93.3) |
0.8364 |
Diabetes mellitus |
16 (44.4) |
23 (51.1) |
0.5507 |
Dyslipidemia |
35 (97.2) |
40 (88.9) |
0.1547 |
Chronic kidney disease |
11 (30.6) |
7 (15.6) |
0.1066 |
Atherosclerosis obliterans |
6 (16.7) |
2 (4.4) |
0.0669 |
Atrial fibrillation |
3 (8.3) |
1 (2.2) |
0.2072 |
Smoking history |
26 (72.2) |
35 (77.8) |
0.5645 |
Alcohol >40 g/day |
4 (11.1) |
1 (2.2) |
0.0986 |
Use of antiplatelet |
35 (97.2) |
44 (97.8) |
0.8728 |
Use of anticoagulant |
4 (11.1) |
2 (4.4) |
0.2549 |
Dementia |
0 |
3 (6.7) |
0.1144 |
Brain infarction |
7 (19.4) |
10 (22.2) |
0.7603 |
CA stenosis at examination (%) |
|
|
|
Right |
41.8 [0, 54.5] |
47.0 [0, 60.4] |
0.3283 |
Left |
52.0 [38.6, 59.0] |
37.0 [0, 53.1] |
0.0164 |
Contralateral ICA occlusion (%) |
1 (2.8) |
1 (2.2) |
0.8728 |
Intracranial atherosclerosis (%) |
8 (22.2) |
9 (20.0) |
0.8072 |
DWMH grade |
1 [1, 2] |
1 [0, 1] |
0.1266 |
DWMH grade ³2 (%) |
12 (33.3) |
9 (20.0) |
0.1736 |
PVH grade |
1 [0, 1.8] |
1 [0, 2] |
0.5956 |
PVH grade ³2 (%) |
8 (22.2) |
12 (26.7) |
0.6448 |
Table 1. Baseline demographic characteristics at the examination
CAD, coronary artery disease; CA, carotid artery; ICA, internal carotid artery; DWMH, deep white matter hyperintensity; PVH, periventricular hyperintensity
|
With CAD (n=36) |
Without CAD (n=45) |
P value |
Symptomatic onset (%) |
18 (50.0) |
32 (71.1) |
0.0521 |
Operated side (%) |
|
|
0.1298 |
Right |
23 (63.9) |
21 (46.7) |
|
Left |
9 (25.0) |
21 (46.7) |
|
Bilateral |
4 (11.1) |
3 (6.7) |
|
Hyperintensity on postoperative DWI (%) |
3 (8.3) |
6 (13.3) |
0.4768 |
Postoperative HP (%) |
0 |
2 (4.4) |
0.2003 |
Postoperative HPS (%) |
0 |
1 (2.2) |
0.3681 |
Use of internal shunt (%) |
13 (36.1) |
18 (40.0) |
0.7205 |
Table 2.Perioperative demographic characteristics.
CAD, coronary artery disease; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; HP, hyperperfusion; HPS, hyperperfusion syndrome
|
With CAD (n=36) |
Without CAD (n=45) |
P value |
Cognistat |
|
|
|
Total score |
94 [82, 97.8] |
96 [92, 100] |
0.0966 |
Orientation |
10 [9.3, 10] |
10 [10, 10] |
0.5091 |
Attention |
10 [6, 10] |
10 [8, 10] |
0.3698 |
Comprehension |
10 [7, 10] |
10 [10, 10] |
0.0274 |
Repetition |
11 [8, 11] |
11 [8.5, 11] |
0.2108 |
Naming |
10 [10, 10] |
10 [9, 10] |
0.5799 |
Construction |
9 [7.3, 11] |
9 [8, 11] |
0.3634 |
Memory |
7.5 [6, 9] |
8 [7, 10] |
0.0392 |
Calculation |
10 [8.5, 10] |
10 [10, 10] |
0.1122 |
Similarity |
10 [9, 10] |
10 [9, 10] |
0.1551 |
Judgment |
10 [9, 11] |
10 [10, 11] |
0.4356 |
FAB |
|
|
|
Total score |
13 [11, 16] |
14 [12, 16] |
0.2093 |
Conceptualization |
2 [1, 2] |
2 [2, 2] |
0.0113 |
Mental flexibility |
2 [1, 2] |
2 [1.5, 3] |
0.1963 |
Programming |
2 [1, 3] |
2 [1, 3] |
0.7588 |
Sensitivity to interference |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [3, 3] |
0.4302 |
Inhibitory control |
2 [1, 3] |
2 [1, 3] |
0.4740 |
Environmental autonomy |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [3, 3] |
0.2743 |
Education (years) |
12 [9, 16] |
12 [12, 16] |
0.2074 |
mRS at examination |
0 [0, 1] |
0 [0, 1] |
0.8132 |
Barthel index at examination |
100 [100, 100] |
100 [100, 100] |
0.8328 |
Table 3. Cognitive examination
CAD, coronary artery disease; FAB, frontal assessment battery; mRS, modified Rankin scale
Variable |
Odds ratio (95% Confidence interval) |
P value |
Deep white matter hyperintensity |
32.2 (3.20-323.66) |
0.0032 |
Chronic kidney disease |
6.11 (1.13-33.19) |
0.0360 |
Age |
0.86 (0.73-1.03) |
0.0720 |
Education |
1.20 (0.95-1.52) |
0.1235 |
Alcohol |
4.33 (0.50-37.26) |
0.1816 |
Arteriosclerosis obliterans bypass |
2.78 (0.38-20.50) |
0.3164 |
Coronary artery bypass graft |
0.43 (0.05-4.12) |
0.4631 |
Male |
0.65 (0.10-4.23) |
0.6541 |
Current smoking |
1.53 (0.24-9.95) |
0.6541 |
Periventricular hyperintensity |
1.22 (0.20-7.68) |
0.8305 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction |
0.93 (0.78-1.12) |
0.8315 |
Smoking history |
1.20 (0.20-7.25) |
0.8425 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention |
1.00 (0.21-4.81) |
1.0000 |
Table 4. Univariate analysis for predictors of cognitive decline in patients with coronary artery disease.
|
Deep white matter hyperintensity grade |
P value |
|||
|
0 (n=7) |
1 (n=17) |
2 (n=4) |
3 (n=8) |
|
Cognistat |
|
|
|
|
|
Total score |
97 [95, 99] |
95 [88.5, 98.5] |
76 [71.5, 89.5] |
84 [68.75, 94] |
0.0086 |
Orientation |
10 [10, 10] |
10 [9.5, 10] |
9.5 [6, 10] |
10 [6.75, 10] |
0.3257 |
Attention |
10 [6, 10] |
10 [8, 10] |
6 [3.75, 9] |
8 [1.5, 10] |
0.2782 |
Comprehension |
10 [10, 10] |
10 [8.5, 10] |
7 [4.75, 9.25] |
8.5 [4, 10] |
0.0320 |
Repetition |
11 [10, 11] |
11 [8, 11] |
7 [6.25, 10] |
10.5 [6, 11] |
0.2264 |
Naming |
10 [10, 10] |
10 [10, 10] |
9 [7.5, 9.75] |
10 [9.25, 10] |
0.1697 |
Construction |
9 [8, 11] |
9 [8, 11] |
7 [6, 8.75] |
7.5 [6, 10.25] |
0.0581 |
Memory |
8 [5, 9] |
8 [6, 9] |
8 [6.25, 9] |
6.5 [5.25, 8] |
0.6135 |
Calculation |
10 [10, 10] |
10 [10, 10] |
9 [6.5, 10] |
9 [6.5, 10] |
0.1334 |
Similarity |
10 [9, 10] |
10 [9, 10] |
7.5 [6.25, 9.5] |
9 [8.25, 10.75] |
0.0418 |
Judgment |
10 [9, 12] |
10 [10, 11] |
9.5[9, 10] |
9.5 [9, 11] |
0.5093 |
Frontal assessment battery |
|
|
|
|
|
Total score |
14 [13, 17] |
15 [12.5, 16] |
9.5 [8.25, 13] |
10.5 [8.5, 11.75] |
0.0002 |
Conceptualization |
2 [2, 2] |
2 [2, 2] |
0 [0, 1.5] |
2 [1, 2] |
0.0059 |
Mental flexibility |
2 [2, 3] |
2 [1, 2] |
2 [1.25, 2] |
1.5 [0.25, 2.75] |
0.1820 |
Programming |
3 [1, 3] |
3 [2, 3] |
1.5 [1, 2] |
1 [0.25, 2.75] |
0.0311 |
Sensitivity to interference |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [0.75, 3] |
2 [0.25, 3] |
0.0223 |
Inhibitory control |
3 [2, 3] |
2 [1, 3] |
1.5 [0.25, 2] |
1 [1, 2.75] |
0.0880 |
Environmental autonomy |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [3, 3] |
3 [3, 3] |
0.3309 |
Table 5. Cognitive examination by deep white matter hyperintensity in patients with coronary artery disease.