Characteristics |
Poor glycemic control (n = 351) |
Good glycemic control (n = 218) |
P value |
Age (years) |
66.00 (62.00-71.00) |
66.00 (62.00-72.00) |
0.213 |
Gender (male/female) |
163/188 |
83/135 |
0.050 |
Diabetes Duration (years) |
8.00 (4.00-14.00) |
5.00 (2.00-12.00) |
<0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) |
134.00 (120.00-150.00) |
132.00 (120.00-144.00) |
0.288 |
DBP (mmHg) |
80.00 (74.00-84.00) |
78.00 (70.00-84.00) |
0.248 |
Weight (kg) |
68.6.00 (61.80-77.00) |
67.45 (60.08-76.03) |
0.127 |
Waist (cm) |
89.00 (82.00- 95.00) |
88.00 (82.93-94.00) |
0.375 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
26.10 (24.20-28.36) |
25.73 (23.48-27.82) |
0.082 |
MET Value (MET/wk) |
840.00 (0.00-1386.00) |
840.00 (0.00-1386.00) |
0.363 |
FPG (mg/dl) |
162.70 (142.70-186.13) |
113.42 (98.34-122.34) |
<0.001 |
ALT (U/L) |
23.00 (16.00-33.00) |
19.00 (14.00-25.33) |
<0.001 |
AST (U/L) |
17.00 (14.00-22.00) |
18.00 (15.00-22.00) |
0.276 |
TB (U/L) |
12.30 (9.40-15.80) |
11.18 (8.38-14.33) |
0.004 |
Cr (umol/L) |
74.80 (63.20-89.80) |
73.90 (65.30-90.50) |
0.822 |
BUN (mmol/L) |
5.54 (4.63-6.08) |
5.60 (4.56 -6.69) |
0.727 |
TC (mmol/L) |
5.30 (4.60-5.90) |
5.20 (4.41-5.83) |
0.031 |
TG (mmol/L) |
1.50 (1.10-2.20) |
1.47 (1.00-1.95) |
0.095 |
LDL (mmol/L) |
2.80 (2.20-3.43) |
2.96 (2.29-3.73) |
0.044 |
HDL (mmol/L) |
1.37 (1.19-1.57) |
1.38 (1.16-1.58) |
0.614 |
Education |
|
|
|
Low |
184 (52.4%) |
124 (56.9%) |
0.733 |
Mid-low |
112 (31.9%) |
65 (29.8%) |
|
Mid-high |
42 (12.0%) |
23 (10.5%) |
|
High |
13 (3.7%) |
6 (2.8%) |
|
Marital Status |
|
|
|
Married/Remarried |
279 (79.5%) |
166 (76.1%) |
0.348 |
Divorced/Widowed/Single |
72 (20.5%) |
52 (23.9%) |
|
Smoke |
|
|
|
Never |
266 (75.8%) |
165 (75.7%) |
0.536 |
Former |
37 (10.5%) |
18 (8.3%) |
|
Current |
48 (13.7%) |
35 (16.0%) |
|
Drinking |
|
|
|
None |
263 (74.9%) |
173 (79.4%) |
0.097 |
Moderate |
50 (14.3%) |
18 (8.2%) |
|
Heavy |
38 (10.8%) |
27 (12.4%) |
|
Prescription |
|
|
<0.001 |
Diet and exercise |
77 (21.9%) |
82 (37.6%) |
|
OAD alone |
112 (31.9%) |
70 (32.1%) |
|
Insulin alone |
106 (30.2%) |
45 (20.7%) |
|
OAD and Insulin |
56 (16.0%) |
21 (9.6%) |
|
Table 1: Characteristics between T2DMpatients with good and poor glycemic control
*SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; MET: metabolic equivalents; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TB: total bilirubin; Cr: creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triglyceride; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; OAD: oral antidiabetes drug
Characteristics |
OR |
95% CI |
P value |
Diabetes Duration (years) |
1.023 |
0.996-1.051 |
0.091 |
ALT (U/L) |
1.024 |
1.010-1.039 |
0.001 |
TB (U/L) |
1.022 |
0.995-1.048 |
0.108 |
TC (mmol/L) |
1.004 |
0.994-1.015 |
0.400 |
LDL (mmol/L) |
0.989 |
0.977-1.001 |
0.078 |
Prescription |
|
|
|
Diet and exercise |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
OAD alone |
1.632 |
1.039-2.562 |
0.033 |
Insulin alone |
2.391 |
1.426-4.011 |
0.001 |
OAD and Insulin |
2.595 |
1.350-4.989 |
0.004 |
Table 2: Multivariate analysis of the factors related to poor glycemic control
* ALT: alanine transaminase; TB: total bilirubin; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; OAD: oral antidiabetes drug
Characteristics |
Poor glycemic control |
Good glycemic control |
P value |
CHD |
|
|
|
Yes |
122 (34.8%) |
88 (40.4%) |
0.178 |
No |
229 (65.2%) |
130 (59.6%) |
|
Hypertension |
|
|
|
Yes |
185 (52.7%) |
138 (63.3%) |
0.013 |
No |
166 (47.3%) |
80 (36.7%) |
|
Stroke |
|
|
|
Yes |
126 (35.9%) |
94 (43.1%) |
0.085 |
No |
225 (64.1%) |
124 (56.9%) |
|
Table 3: The association between glycemic control and comorbidity
*CHD: coronary heart disease
Characteristics |
With hypertension |
P |
Without hypertension |
P |
||
Poor (n= 185) |
Good (n = 138) |
Poor (n= 166) |
Good (n = 80) |
|||
Age (years) |
67.00 (63.00-73.00) |
66.00 (62.75-72.25) |
0.768 |
64.00 (60.00-69.00) |
65.00 (62.00-71.75) |
0.065 |
Gender (male/female) |
89/96 |
51/87 |
0.045 |
74/92 |
32/48 |
0.497 |
Diabetes Duration (years) |
10.00 (5.00-16.00) |
6.00 (1.00-12.00) |
<0.001 |
6.00 (3.75-12.00) |
4.50 (2.00-13.00) |
0.099 |
SBP (mmHg) |
144.00 (130.00-156.00) |
138.00 (128.00-154.00) |
0.052 |
124.00 (116.00-136.00) |
123.00 (112.00-134.00) |
0.236 |
DBP (mmHg) |
80.00 (76.00-88.00) |
80.00 (74.00-88.00) |
0.595 |
78.00 (70.00-82.00) |
76.00 (68.00-80.00) |
0.023 |
Weight (kg) |
71.20 (64.75-81.35) |
68.55 (60.08-77.05) |
0.030 |
67.05 (59.48-74.13) |
65.75 (60.20-71.98) |
0.706 |
Waist (cm) |
90.00 (84.50-98.00) |
90.00 (83.40-95.00) |
0.124 |
86.75 (80.00-92.63) |
85.60 (80.00-92.00) |
0.583 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
26.67 (24.95-29.30) |
26.19 (23.92-28.11) |
0.014 |
25.30 (23.19-27.00) |
24.64 (23.29-27.44) |
0.457 |
MET Value (MET/wk) |
840.00 (0.00-1386.00) |
693.00 (0.00-1386.00) |
0.407 |
882.00 (17.33-1680.00) |
924.00 (49.50-1386.00) |
0.851 |
FPG (mg/dl) |
161.44 (141.80-182.52) |
114.95 (99.01-122.75) |
<0.001 |
165.50 (143.56-192.93) |
113.06 (97.03-120.50) |
<0.001 |
ALT (U/L) |
23.00 (16.00-33.00) |
20.00 (14.00-26.00) |
0.002 |
23.00 (16.00-33.00) |
18.00 (14.25-24.00) |
0.001 |
AST (U/L) |
18.00 (14.00-24.50) |
19.00 (15.00-23.00) |
0.570 |
17.00 (14.75-20.00) |
17.00 (15.00-21.00) |
0.546 |
TB (U/L) |
12.20 (9.15-15.80) |
10.80 (8.08-14.85) |
0.017 |
12.40 (9.88-16.10) |
11.63 (9.30-13.90) |
0.127 |
Cr (umol/L) |
78.20 (65.25-94.90) |
75.00 (66.53-93.15) |
0.575 |
70.40 (61.73-82.58) |
72.00 (62.15-84.83) |
0.661 |
BUN (mmol/L) |
5.76 (4.67-7.30) |
5.58 (4.50-6.69) |
0.079 |
5.34 (4.57-6.26) |
5.65 (4.72-6.64) |
0.158 |
TC (mmol/L) |
5.30 (4.60-5.85) |
5.11 (4.46-5.90) |
0.224 |
5.40 (4.70-6.00) |
5.20 (4.40-5.79) |
0.069 |
TG (mmol/L) |
1.60 (1.15-2.20) |
1.50 (1.10-2.00) |
0.232 |
1.40 (1.00-2.20) |
1.30 (0.90-1.89) |
0.114 |
LDL (mmol/L) |
2.87 (2.26-3.50) |
3.00 (2.29-3.76) |
0.214 |
2.78 (2.19-3.36) |
2.90 (2.27-3.65) |
0.131 |
HDL (mmol/L) |
1.33 (1.15-1.54) |
1.37 (1.13-1.51) |
0.723 |
1.40 (1.25-1.60) |
1.45 (1.19-1.65) |
0.928 |
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
90 (48.65%) |
79 (57.25%) |
0.353 |
94 (56.63%) |
45 (56.25%) |
0.654 |
Mid-low |
63 (34.05%) |
38 (27.54%) |
|
49 (29.52%) |
27 (33.75%) |
|
Mid-high |
24 (12.97%) |
18 (13.04%) |
|
18 (10.84%) |
5 (6.25%) |
|
High |
8 (4.33%) |
3 (2.17%) |
|
5 (3.01%) |
3 (3.75%) |
|
Marital Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Married/Remarried |
144 (77.84%) |
104 (75.36%) |
0.602 |
135 (81.33%) |
62 (77.5%) |
0.482 |
Divorced/Widowed/Single |
41 (22.16%) |
34 (24.64%) |
|
31 (18.67%) |
18 (22.5%) |
|
Smoke |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never |
138 (74.60%) |
106 (76.81%) |
0.738 |
128 (77.11%) |
59 (73.75%) |
0.487 |
Former |
21 (11.35%) |
12 (8.70%) |
|
16 (12.03%) |
6 (7.5%) |
|
Current |
26 (14.05%) |
20 (14.39%) |
|
22 (10.86%) |
15 (18.75%) |
|
Drinking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-drinkers |
144 (77.84%) |
110 (79.70%) |
0.723 |
119 (71.69%) |
63 (78.75%) |
0.052 |
Moderate-drinkers |
24 (12.97%) |
14 (10.15%) |
|
26 (15.66%) |
4 (5%) |
|
Heavy-drinkers |
17 (9.19%) |
14 (10.15%) |
|
21 (12.65%) |
13 (16.25%) |
|
Table 4: The factors related to glycemic control in patients with and without hypertension
* SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; MET: metabolic equivalents; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; TB: total bilirubin; Cr: creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triglyceride; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein
Characteristics |
OR |
95% CI |
P value |
Gender |
0.431 |
0.213-0.872 |
0.019 |
Diabetes duration |
1.073 |
1.039-1.109 |
<0.001 |
Weight |
0.969 |
0.929-1.011 |
0.146 |
BMI |
1.185 |
1.039-1.352 |
0.011 |
ALT |
1.034 |
1.015-1.055 |
0.001 |
TB |
1.037 |
0.997-1.078 |
0.067 |
Table 5: Multivariate analysis of the factors related to poor glycemic control in patients with hypertension
* BMI: body mass index; ALT: alanine transaminase: TB: total bilirubin
Characteristics |
OR |
95% CI |
P value |
DBP |
1.039 |
1.005-1.073 |
0.023 |
ALT |
1.008 |
0.990-1.026 |
0.409 |
Table 6: Multivariate analysis of the factors related to poor glycemic control in patients without hypertension
*DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ALT: alanine transaminase
Tables at a glance