	Female(n= 1180)	Male(n= 983)	Overall(n=2163)	P-value*
Age (yr)	46.5±11.6	47.6±11.8	47±11.7	0.28
Smoking Status (%)	4.8	38.6	20.8	<0.0001
BMI	23.0±3.8	23.7±3.4	23.3±3.6	<0.0001
WHR	0.83±0.07	0.87±0.06	0.85±0.07	<0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	121.0±17.9	122.5±16.6	121.8±17.3	0.047
DBP (mmHg)	77.5±10.4	80.0±10.7	78.7±10.6	<0.0001
Glucose (mmol/l)	5.4±1.0	5.4±1.0	5.4±1.0	0.53
Creatinine (mol/l)	61.8±15.2	83.1±18.9	71.3±20.0	<0.0001
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.92±0.95	3.09±1.01	2.99±0.48	<0.0001
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.33±0.36	1.17±0.33	1.25±0.86	<0.0001
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.26±1.05	1.48±1.09	1.36±1.08	<0.0001
HBA1-C (%)	5.4±0.69	5.7±1.1	5.6±1.0	0.1
Folate (mmol/l)	27.1±15.2	21.0±12.3	24.0±14.1	<0.0001
B12 (mmol/l)	334.4±247.9	274.8±171.7	303.8±214.2	<0.0001
MS (%)	20.4	17.8	19.7	0.6
PM2.5 (µg/m3)	52.4±26.8	48.8±27.0	50.8±26.9	<0.0002

BMI: Body Mass Index; B12: Vitamin B12; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; HBA1C: haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; MS: Metabolic Syndrome; PM2.5: Particulate Matter< 2.5um in Diameter; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; WHR: Waist-Hip Ratio
Table 1 : Clinical Characteristics of 2163 Subjects in CATHAY Study

			Age Groups (Years)
Study Year	No. of Subjects	Overall (mm)	25-34 (mm)	35-44 (mm)	45-54 (mm)	55-64 (mm)	>64 (mm)
CATHAY 2007(Chinese)	2163	0.65±0.15(0.64-0.65)
Female	1180		0.52±0.07	0.59±0.09	0.66±0.12	0.7±0.17	0.76±0.18
			(0.51-0.53)	(0.58-0.60)	(0.65-0.67)	(0.70-0.73)	(0.72-0.81)
Male	983		0.56±0.09	0.60±0.09	0.68±0.13	0.75±0.17	0.79±0.27
			(0.54-0.57)	(0.59-0.62)	(0.66-0.69)	(0.73-0.78)	(0.73-0.86)
CARMELLA 2007 [30](Latin America)
Buenos Aires	1482	0.74(0.74-0.75)
Female			0.68	0.71	0.76	0.81
			(0.67-0.68)	(0.70-0.72)	(0.74-0.77)	(0.80-0.82)
Male			0.70	0.74	0.79	0.85
			(0.68-0.71)	(0.73-0.75)	(0.78-0.81)	(0.83-0.87)
Mexico City	1722	0.69(0.69-0.70)
Female			0.67	0.68	0.70	0.73
			(0.66-0.68)	(0.67-0.68)	(0.69-0.71)	(0.72-0.75)
Male			0.68	0.69	0.73	0.76
			(0.67-0.69)	(0.68-0.69)	(0.72-0.74)	(0.75-0.78)
Lima	1632	0.63(0.63-0.64)
Female			0.57	0.62	0.68	0.72
			(0.57-0.58)	(0.61-0.62)	(0.67-0.69)	(0.71-0.73)
Male			0.58	0.63	0.68	0.72
			(0.57-0.59)	(0.62-0.65)	(0.67-0.69)	(0.71-0.74)
Santiago	1655	0.60(0.59-0.60)
Female			0.53	0.58	0.62	0.68
			(0.52-0.54)	(0.57-0.58)	(0.61-0.64)	(0.67-0.69)
Male			0.55	0.61	0.65	0.70
			(0.54-0.55)	(0.60-0.62)	(0.64-0.66)	(0.68-0.71)
( ): 95% Confidence intervals

Table 5 B: Comparison of Carotid IMT in Different City/ County

	Female	Male	P-value
Vessel Diameter (mm)	2.98±0.56	3.70±0.61	<0.0001 (0.0005)*
Hyperemia (%)	705.6±257.1	664.9±265.1	0.014 (0.07)*
GTN (%)	18.8±4.2	17.6±3.6	0.0001 (0.0005)*
FMD (%)(95% CI)	8.43±2.58(8.21-8.65)	7.59±2.24(7.39-7.78)	<0.0001
IMT (mm)(95% CI)	0.63±0.13(0.62-0.64)	0.67±0.16(0.66-0.68)	0.047

	Estimated CoefficientBeta Value	P-value
Age (yr)	-0.166	<0.0001
Gender	0.152	<0.0001
Smoking Status (%)	-0.083	0.020
BMI	-0.051	0.166
SBP (mmHg)	-0.030	0.549
DBP (mmHg)	-0.038	0.418
LDL-C (mmol/l)	0.021	0.570
MS (%)	-0.019	0.612
PM2.5 (µg/m3)	-0.486	0.005

	Estimated CoefficientBeta Value	P-value
Age (yr)	0.454	<0.0001
Gender	0.116	<0.0001
Smoking Status (%)	0.010	0.672
BMI	0.067	0.006
SBP (mmHg)	0.145	<0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	-0.065	0.047
LDL-C (mmol/l)	0.075	0.002
MS (%)	0.066	0.008
PM2.5 (µg/m3)	0.204	0.025

	Estimated CoefficientBeta Value	P-value
Age (yr)	0.454	<0.0001
Gender	0.116	<0.0001
Smoking Status (%)	0.010	0.672
BMI	0.067	0.006
SBP (mmHg)	0.145	<0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	-0.065	0.047
LDL-C (mmol/l)	0.075	0.002
MS (%)	0.066	0.008
PM2.5 (µg/m3)	0.204	0.025

Study Year	IMT Percentile	Female				Male
		30–39	40–49	50–59	60–69	30–39	40–49	50–59	60–69
PARC [31]2009
French	P05	0.467	0.514	0.553	0.575	0.464	0.528	0.549	0.569
(n=889)	P10	0.492	0.539	0.586	0.612	0.519	0.560	0.585	0.618
	P25	0.537	0.576	0.619	0.665	0.574	0.586	0.637	0.663
	P50	0.588	0.640	0.669	0.752	0.616	0.653	0.701	0.738
	P75	0.635	0.691	0.737	0.817	0.672	0.705	0.787	0.842
	P90	0.670	0.726	0.789	0.865	0.749	0.756	0.836	0.909
	P95	0.687	0.745	0.828	0.906	0.772	0.802	0.914	1.030
CATHAY 2007
Chinese	P05	0.452	0.455	0.531	0.505	0.410	0.441	0.515	0.521
(n=1029)	P10	0.480	0.490	0.581	0.553	0.450	0.500	0.564	0.580
	P25	0.510	0.540	0.635	0.646	0.510	0.570	0.646	0.688
	P50	0.560	0.600	0.673	0.713	0.550	0.610	0.703	0.750
	P75	0.590	0.659	0.730	0.785	0.610	0.678	0.808	0.796
	P90	0.633	0.706	0.830	0.841	0.640	0.736	0.875	0.966
	P95	0.644	0.730	0.899	0.850	0.675	0.770	0.957	1.034

Tables at a glance

Figures at a glance