1Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Colan SD, Sleeper LA, Orav EJ, et al. (2006) Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. Jama 296:1867-1876.
2 Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, Maisch B, Mautner, et al. (1996) Report of the 1995 world health organization/international society and federation of cardiology task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93: 841-842.
3Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, et al. (2005) Acc/aha 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to update the 2001 guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure): Developed in collaboration with the american college of chest physicians and the international society for heart and lung transplantation: Endorsed by the heart rhythm society. Circulation. 112: 154-235.
4Krum H, Abraham WT (2009) Heart failure. Lancet 373: 941-955.
5Harmon WG, Sleeper LA, Cuniberti L, Messere J, Colan SD, et al. (2009) Treating children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (from the pediatric cardiomyopathy registry). Am J Cardiol 104: 281-286.
6Kantor PF, Abraham JR, Dipchand AI, Benson LN, Redington AN (2010) The impact of changing medical therapy on transplantation-free survival in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 55: 1377-1384.
7Shaddy RE, Boucek MM, Hsu DT, Boucek RJ, Canter CE, et al. (2007) Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298: 1171-1179.
8Miyamoto SD, Stauffer BL, Nakano S, Sobus R, Nunley K, et al. (2012) Betaadrenergic adaptation in paediatric idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Eur Heart J
9Daubeney PE, Nugent AW, Chondros P, Carlin JB, Colan SD, et al. (2006) Clinical features and outcomes of childhood dilated cardiomyopathy: Results from a national population-based study. Circulation 114: 2671-2678.
10Tsirka AE, Trinkaus K, Chen SC, Lipshultz SE, Towbin JA, et al. (2004) Improved outcomes of pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy with utilization of heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 391-397.
11Benotti JR, Grossman W, Braunwald E, Carabello BA (1980) Effects of amrinone on myocardial energy metabolism and hemodynamics in patients with severe congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease. Circulation 62: 28-34.
12Jentzer JH, Lejemtel TH, Sonnenblick EH, Kirk ES. (1981) Beneficial effect of amrinone on myocardial oxygen consumption during acute left ventricular failure in dogs. Am J Cardiol 48:75-83.
13Alousi AA, Canter JM, Montenaro MJ, Fort DJ, Ferrari RA (1983) Cardiotonic activity of milrinone, a new and potent cardiac bipyridine, on the normal and failing heart of experimental animals. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 5: 792-803.
14Silver PJ, Harris AL, Canniff PC, Lepore RE, Bentley RG, et al. (1989) Phosphodiesterase isozyme inhibition, activation of the camp system, and positive inotropy mediated by milrinone in isolated guinea pig cardiac muscle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13: 530-540.
15Benotti JR, Grossman W, Braunwald E, Davolos DD, Alousi AA (1978) Hemodynamic assessment of amrinone. A new inotropic agent. N Engl J Med 299: 1373-1377.
16LeJemtel TH, Scortichini D, Levitt B, Sonnenblick EH (1989) Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition on skeletal muscle vasculature. Am J Cardiol. 63: 27A-30A.
17Latifi S, Lidsky K, Blumer JL (2000) Pharmacology of inotropic agents in infants and children. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 12: 57-79.
18Wynands JE (1989) Amrinone: Is it the inotrope of choice? J Cardiothorac Anesth. 3: 45-57.
19Hoffman TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM, Bailey JM, Akbary A, et al. (2002) Prophylactic intravenous use of milrinone after cardiac operation in pediatrics (primacorp) study. Prophylactic intravenous use of milrinone after cardiac operation in pediatrics. Am Heart J 143: 15-21.
20Hoffman TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM, Kulik TJ, Nelson DP, et al. (2003) Efficacy and safety of milrinone in preventing low cardiac output syndrome in infants and children after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease. Circulation 107: 996-1002.
21Bailey JM, Miller BE, Lu W, Tosone SR, Kanter KR, et al. (1999). The pharmacokinetics of milrinone in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 90: 1012-1018.
22Chang AC, Atz AM, Wernovsky G, Burke RP, Wessel DL (1995) Milrinone: Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects in neonates after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 23: 1907-1914.
23Duggal B, Pratap U, Slavik Z, Kaplanova J, Macrae D (2005) Milrinone and low cardiac output following cardiac surgery in infants: Is there a direct myocardial effect? Pediatr Cardio 26: 642-645.
24Ramamoorthy C, Anderson GD, Williams GD, Lynn AM (1998) Pharmacokinetics and side effects of milrinone in infants and children after open heart surgery. Anesth Analg 86: 283-289.
25Vogt W, Laer S (2011) Prevention for pediatric low cardiac output syndrome: Results from the european survey eulocos-paed. Paediatr Anaesth 21: 1176-1184.
26Zuppa AF, Nicolson SC, Adamson PC, Wernovsky G, Mondick JT, et al (2006) Population pharmacokinetics of milrinone in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing stage i reconstruction. Anesth Analg 102: 1062-1069.
27 Grose R, Strain J, Greenberg M, LeJemtel TH (1986) Systemic and coronary effects of intravenous milrinone and dobutamine in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 7: 1107-1113.
28Monrad ES, Baim DS, Smith HS, Lanoue AS (1986) Milrinone, dobutamine, and nitroprusside: Comparative effects on hemodynamics and myocardial energetics in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 73: 168-174.
29Monrad ES, Baim DS, Smith HS, Lanoue AS, Silverman KJ, et al. (1986) Assessment of long-term therapy with milrinone and the effects of milrinone withdrawal. Circulation 73: 205-212.
30 Anderson JL (1991) Hemodynamic and clinical benefits with intravenous milrinone in severe chronic heart failure: Results of a multicenter study in the united states. Am Heart J 121: 1956-1964.
31Baim DS, McDowell AV, Cherniles J, Monrad ES, Parker JA, et al. (1983) Evaluation of a new bipyridine inotropic agent--milrinone--in patients with severe congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 309: 748-756.
32Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Jr., Benza R, Bourge R, et al. (2002) Gheorghiade M. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287: 1541-1547.
33 Felker GM, Benza RL, Chandler AB, Leimberger JD, Cuffe MS, et al. (2003) Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: Results from the optime-chf study. J Am Coll Cardio 41: 997-1003.
34Maisel AS, Wright CM, Carter SM, Ziegler M, Motulsky HJ (1989) Tachyphylaxis with amrinone therapy: Association with sequestration and down-regulation of lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors. Ann Intern Med 110: 195-201.
35Metra M, Eichhorn E, Abraham WT, Linseman J, Bohm M, et al. (2009) Bristow MR. Effects of low-dose oral enoximone administration on mortality, morbidity, and exercise capacity in patients with advanced heart failure: The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group essential trials. Eur Heart J. 30: 3015-3026.
36 Seino Y, Momomura S, Takano T, Hayakawa H, Katoh K (1996) Multicenter, double-blind study of intravenous milrinone for patients with acute heart failure in japan. Japan intravenous milrinone investigators. Critical care medicine 24: 1490-1497.
37 Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, et al. (1991) Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The promise study research group. N Engl J Med 325: 1468-1475.
38 Berg AM, Snell L, Mahle WT (2007) Home inotropic therapy in children. J Heart Lung Transplant: The official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 26: 453-457.
39 Price JF, Towbin JA, Dreyer WJ, Moffett BS, Kertesz NJ, et al. (2006) Outpatient continuous parenteral inotropic therapy as bridge to transplantation in children with advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 12: 139-143.
40 Rosenthal D, Chrisant MR, Edens E, Mahony L, Canter C, et al. (2004) International society for heart and lung transplantation: Practice guidelines for management of heart failure in children. J Heart Lung Transplant. 23: 1313- 1333.