Figure 1 Distribution of species composition of residents colonized by multiple species.

Characteristics

Total (N = 204)

Colonized by Yeast(N = 158)

Not-colonized by Yeast N = 46)

Univariate

Multivariate

mean

SD

mean

SD

mean

SD

p value

p value, OR (95% CI)

Age, years (mean ± SD)

77.1

9.73

78.4

9.17

72.7

10.37

<0.001

 

BMI

22.7

3.58

22.6

3.63

23.0

3.43

0.451

 

Number of missing teeth

15.8

10.13

16.5

10.30

13.3

9.21

0.06

 

Number of dentures

10.8

10.97

12.1

11.28

6.2

8.42

<0.001

0.008, 1.06 (1.015-1.107)

 

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

p value

 

Female

106

52

88

55.7

18

39.1

0.048

0.974, 0.987 (0.447-2.178)

Age > 70 years

153

75

124

78.5

29

63

0.033

0.949, 1.027 (0.454-2.324)

Education

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.815

 

None

27

13.2

22

13.9

5

10.9

 

 

Elementary School

99

48.5

74

46.8

25

54.3

 

 

Junior High School

32

15.7

26

16.5

6

13

 

 

High School

28

13.7

23

14.6

5

10.9

 

 

College or above

18

8.8

13

8.2

5

10.9

 

 

Wheelchair use

57

27.9

42

26.6

15

32.6

0.423

 

Smoking

18

8.8

15

9.5

3

6.5

0.905

 

Betel nut chewing

6

2.9

2

1.3

4

8.7

0.001

0.081, 0.183 (0.027-1.236)

Frequency of brushing teeth > once a day

112

54.9

94

59.5

18

39.1

0.015

0.257, 1.55 (0.726-3.309)

Mouthwash

51

25

39

24.7

12

26.1

0.847

 

Dry mouth

75

36.8

61

38.6

14

30.4

0.312

 

Periodontal disease and/or Tartar

127

62.3

92

58.2

35

76.1

0.028

0.238, 0.598 (0.254-1.406)

Chronic disease

163

79.9

132

83.5

31

67.4

0.027

0.078, 2.155 (0.916-5.062)

Hypertension

91

44.6

72

45.6

19

41.3

0.609

 

Diabetes mellitus

46

22.5

40

25.3

6

13

0.08

 

Heart disease

35

17.2

28

17.7

7

15.2

0.692

 

Osteoporosis

14

6.9

11

7

3

6.5

1

 

Stroke

12

5.9

9

5.7

3

6.5

0.735

 

Gout

10

4.9

8

5.1

2

4.3

1

 

Arthritis

10

4.9

10

6.3

0

0

0.121

 

Kidney disease

4

2

3

1.9

1

2.2

1

 

Taking medicine

143

70.1

115

72.8

28

60.9

0.245

 

No, number.

Table 1: Risk factors of residents colonized by yeasts

Characteristics

Total
(N=158)

More than one species (N=88)

One species (N=70)

Univariate

Multivariate

mean

SD

mean

SD

mean

SD

p value

p value, OR (95% CI)

Age

78.4

9.17

79.8

8.75

76.7

9.44

0.032

 

BMI

22.6

3.63

22.5

3.76

22.7

3.48

0.793

 

Number of missing teeth

16.5

10.30

16.4

10.35

16.7

10.31

0.847

 

Number of dentures

12.1

11.28

12.7

11.31

11.5

11.29

0.504

 

 

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

p value

 

Yeast CFU > 10

117

74.1

78

88.6

39

55.7

<0.001

0.001, 6.156 (2.709–13.989)

Female

88

55.7

52

59.1

36

51.4

0.335

 

Age > 70

124

78.5

75

85.2

49

70

0.021

0.037, 2,435 (1.057–5.607)

Education

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.675

 

None

22

13.9

14

15.9

8

11.4

 

 

Elementary school

74

46.8

41

46.6

33

47.1

 

 

Junior high school

26

16.5

16

18.2

10

14.3

 

 

High school

23

14.6

10

11.4

13

18.6

 

 

College or above

13

8.2

7

8

6

8.6

 

 

Wheelchair use

42

26.6

25

28.4

17

24.3

0.56

 

Smoking

15

9.5

8

9.1

7

10

1

 

Betel nut chewing

2

1.3

1

1.1

1

1.4

1

 

Frequency of brushing teeth > once a day

94

59.5

48

54.5

46

65.7

0.155

 

Mouthwash

39

24.7

21

23.9

18

25.7

0.789

 

Dry mouth

61

38.6

35

39.8

26

37.1

0.736

 

Periodontal Disease and/or tartar

92

58.2

51

58

41

58.6

0.938

 

Chronic disease

132

83.5

76

86.4

56

80

0.273

 

Hypertension

72

45.6

41

46.6

31

44.3

0.773

 

Diabetes mellitus

40

25.3

22

25

18

25.7

0.918

 

Heart disease

28

17.7

17

19.3

11

15.7

0.556

 

Osteoporosis

11

7

8

9.1

3

4.3

0.348

 

Arthritis

10

6.3

4

4.5

6

8.6

0.34

 

Stroke

9

5.7

5

5.7

4

5.7

1

 

Gout

8

5.1

4

4.5

4

5.7

0.733

 

Kidney disease

3

1.9

1

1.1

2

2.9

0.585

 

Taking medicine

115

72.8

68

77.3

47

67.1

0.25

 

No, number.

Table 2: Risk factors of residents colonized by multiple species