Nutritional characteristics |
Amount per portion (5.5 grams) |
Calories (kcal) | 18 |
Lipids (g) | 0 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 2.1 |
Fiber (g) | 1.0 |
Protein (g) | 1.7 |
L-Leucine (mg) | 1250 |
L-Isoleucine (mg) | 625 |
L-Valine (mg) | 625 |
HMB (mg) * | 750 |
Vitamin D (mcg) | 20 |
Zinc (mg) | 5.0 |
* HMB: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate
Table 1:Characteristics of oral nutritional supplement Hydroxiram D (ErreKappa-Euroterapici, Milano)
Characteristics |
Total Sample (n=20) |
Men (n=7) |
Women (n=13) |
p |
Age (years) |
63.5 ± 14.6 |
73.7 ± 6.5 |
57.3 ± 14.9 |
0.01 |
Acute COVID-19 characteristics |
|
|
||
Pneumonia diagnosed |
15 (75) |
7 (100) |
8 (62) |
0.08 |
Intensive care unit admission | 5 (25) |
4 (57) |
1 (8) |
0.03 |
Oxygen therapy |
14 (70) |
7 (100) |
7 (54) |
0.04 |
Noninvasive ventilation |
6 (30) |
5 (71) |
1 (8) |
< 0.01 |
Invasive ventilation |
3 (15) |
3 (42) |
0 (0) |
0.03 |
Length of hospital stay |
13.5 ± 9.7 |
13.4 ± 9.1 |
13.6 ± 9.8 |
0.46 |
Post acute COVID-19 follow-up |
|
|
|
|
Days since symptom onset |
64.3 ± 12.3 |
60.8 ± 12.7 |
66.2 ± 12.2 |
0.36 |
Days since hospital discharge |
36.1 ± 12.9 |
37.8 ± 11.7 |
36.0 ± 10.2 |
0.54 |
Persistent symptoms |
|
|
|
|
Dyspnea |
17 (85) |
5 (71) |
12 (92) |
0.27 |
Joint pain |
6 (30) |
1 (14) |
5 (38) |
0.04 |
Dysgeusia |
5 (25) |
1 (14) |
4 (31) |
0.14 |
Sore Throat |
5 (25) |
1 (14) |
4 (31) |
0.14 |
Anosmia |
4 (20) |
1 (14) |
3 (23) |
0.56 |
Rhinitis |
2 (10) |
1 (14) |
1 (14) |
0.58 |
BMI (Kg/m2) |
22.1 ± 3.8 |
23.4 ± 2.2 |
21.3 ± 4.3 |
0.25 |
Hang grip strength (Kg) |
24.0 ± 6.0 |
29.5 ± 4.5 |
21.0 ± 4.4 |
<0.001 |
Skeletal mass index (Kg/m2) |
7.25 ± 1.00 |
8.35 ± 0.69 |
6.65 ± 0.52 |
<0.001 |
Albumin (g/dl) |
4.11 ± 0.32 |
3.80 ± 0.25 |
4.25 ± 0.25 |
0.38 |
Vitamin D (ng/dl) |
23.9 ± 9.2 |
20.9 ± 5.5 |
25.2 ± 10.3 |
0.39 |
Quality of life (EuroQol scale) |
68.0 ± 15.9 |
77.4 ± 11.1 |
63.0 ± 16.2 |
0.05 |
* Data are given as number (percent) for persistent symptoms and acute COVID-19 characteristics; for all the other variables, means ±SD are reported.
BMI: Body mass index; BP: blood pressure
Quality of life was assessed using EuroQol visual analog scale, ranging from 0 (worst imaginable health) to 100 (best imaginable health)
Table 2: Characteristics of study population according to gender *
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance