Tables at a glance

Table 1

Table 2

Figures at a glance

Comments

Figure 1

Comments

Figure 2

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Figure 3

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Figure 4

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Figure 5

Table 1

Drug	Mechanism	References
Sibutramine (phenethylamine class of drug)	Inhibition and reuptake of noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine.	(Elangbam, 2009)
Orlistat (Streptomyces toxytricini)	Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor	(Kaila and Raman, 2008)
Rimonabant	CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist	(Kaila and Raman, 2008)
Lorcaserin	5-HT2C receptors in brain	(Lam, et al., 2008)
ATL- 962 (cetilistat) In clinical trials	Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor	(Chen, et al., 2017)
GT389-255 In clinical trials	Lipase Inhibitor	(Chen, et al., 2017)

Table 1: Current anti-obesity drugs [18]

Table 2

Phytochemicals	Compounds	Mode of Action	Reference
Carotenoids	Fucoxanthin (edible seaweeds) and its metabolite fucoxanthinol	Reduction in triglyceride absorption and suppression in increase in triglyceride concentration in blood in rat pancreatic lipase.	(Matsumoto et al., 2010)
Glycosides	Acteoside, kaempferol-3O-rutinoside, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and Luteolin. Luteolin-6-C-β-D-bovinopyranoside, orientin, isoorientin, derhamnosyl-maysin, and isoorientin-2-O-α- L-rhamnoside.	Fat-lowering effect in vivo.	(Birari et al., 2011)
Polyphenols	Galangin, Hesperidin, neohesperidin, narirutin, naringin, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-galloyl-L-threonic acid, methyl chlorogenate, Licochalcone A, CT-II, Dimeric falavan(2S)-3,4,7-trihydroxyflavan-(4α→8)-catechin, 7-Phloroeckol, Isoliquiritigenin and 3,3,4,4-tetrahydroxy-2-methoxychalcone, Isoliquiritigenin, procyanidin contains (+) - catechin, (-)-epicatechin, phloridzin, and phloretin-2′-xyloglucoside, Flavan- 3-ol monogallate esters, (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-O-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin-3, 5- digallate	The compounds bind by polyvalent sites present in them and inhibits pancreatic lipase.	(Kumar et al., 2013) (Lee et al., 2010)
Polysaccharides	Chitosan (Linear polysaccharide with β-(1-4) linked D-glucosamine (acetylated unit)	Increases in fecal fat excretion and decreases in absorption of dietary lipids and inhibits pancreatic lipase	(Sumiyoshi and Kimura, 2006)

Saponins	Sessiloside, chiisanoside(lupane type)silphioside F, copteroside B, hederagenin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside 6-O-methyl ester, gypsogenin 3-O-β- D-glucuronopyranoside, cyclocarioside A, II, III, platycodin D, Chikusetsusaponin III & IV, 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponins IV, ginsenosides, Escins, deacetylescins and desacylescins, Scabiosaponin E-G, scabiosaponin I, hookeroside A and B, prosapogenin 1b, olong tea saponins, Dioscin, diosgenin, prosapogenin A & C, gracillin	Reduces triglycerides level in plasma and inhibits pancreatic lipase	(Lunagariya et al., 2014)
Terpenes	Crocin and metabolite crocetin, ursolic acid, 23-hydroxyurosolic acid, corosolic acid, betulinic acid	Reduction of serum triglycerides and reduction in body weight	(Lunagariya et al., 2014)

Table 2: Selection of phytochemicals and their anti-obesity effects

FIGURE 1:

Figure 1: Structures of anti-obesity drugs (Lunagariya et al., 2014)

FIGURE 2

Figure 2: Mechanism of dietary fats metabolism by pancreatic lipase.The nutrient digestion and absorption should be decreased in order to reduce energy intake [18]

FIGURE 3

Figure 3: Chemical structures of some important phytochemicals from different sources

FIGURE 4

Figure 4: Chemical structures of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from microbial source

FIGURE 5

Figure 5: Chemical structures of synthetic pancreatic lipase inhibitors