Figure 1: Structures of anti-obesity drugs (Lunagariya et al., 2014)
Drug |
Mechanism |
References |
Sibutramine (phenethylamine class of drug) |
Inhibition and reuptake of noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine. |
(Elangbam, 2009) |
Orlistat (Streptomyces toxytricini) |
Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor |
(Kaila and Raman, 2008) |
Rimonabant |
CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist |
(Kaila and Raman, 2008) |
Lorcaserin |
5-HT2C receptors in brain |
(Lam, et al., 2008) |
ATL- 962 (cetilistat) In clinical trials |
Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor |
(Chen, et al., 2017) |
GT389-255 In clinical trials |
Lipase Inhibitor |
(Chen, et al., 2017) |
Table 1: Current anti-obesity drugs [18]
Phytochemicals |
Compounds |
Mode of Action |
Reference |
Carotenoids |
Fucoxanthin (edible seaweeds) and its metabolite fucoxanthinol |
Reduction in triglyceride absorption and suppression in increase in triglyceride concentration in blood in rat pancreatic lipase. |
(Matsumoto et al., 2010) |
Glycosides |
Acteoside, kaempferol-3O-rutinoside, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and Luteolin. Luteolin-6-C-β-D-bovinopyranoside, orientin, isoorientin, derhamnosyl-maysin, and isoorientin-2-O-α- L-rhamnoside. |
Fat-lowering effect in vivo. |
(Birari et al., 2011) |
Polyphenols |
Galangin, Hesperidin, neohesperidin, narirutin, naringin, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-galloyl-L-threonic acid, methyl chlorogenate, Licochalcone A, CT-II, Dimeric falavan(2S)-3,4,7-trihydroxyflavan-(4α→8)-catechin, 7-Phloroeckol, Isoliquiritigenin and 3,3,4,4-tetrahydroxy-2-methoxychalcone, Isoliquiritigenin, procyanidin contains (+) - catechin, (-)-epicatechin, phloridzin, and phloretin-2′-xyloglucoside, Flavan- 3-ol monogallate esters, (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-O-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin-3, 5- digallate |
The compounds bind by polyvalent sites present in them and inhibits pancreatic lipase. |
(Kumar et al., 2013) (Lee et al., 2010) |
Polysaccharides |
Chitosan (Linear polysaccharide with β-(1-4) linked D-glucosamine (acetylated unit) |
Increases in fecal fat excretion and decreases in absorption of dietary lipids and inhibits pancreatic lipase |
(Sumiyoshi and Kimura, 2006) |
|
|
|
|
Saponins |
Sessiloside, chiisanoside(lupane type)silphioside F, copteroside B, hederagenin 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside 6-O-methyl ester, gypsogenin 3-O-β- D-glucuronopyranoside, cyclocarioside A, II, III, platycodin D, Chikusetsusaponin III & IV, 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponins IV, ginsenosides, Escins, deacetylescins and desacylescins, Scabiosaponin E-G, scabiosaponin I, hookeroside A and B, prosapogenin 1b, olong tea saponins, Dioscin, diosgenin, prosapogenin A & C, gracillin |
Reduces triglycerides level in plasma and inhibits pancreatic lipase |
(Lunagariya et al., 2014) |
Terpenes |
Crocin and metabolite crocetin, ursolic acid, 23-hydroxyurosolic acid, corosolic acid, betulinic acid |
Reduction of serum triglycerides and reduction in body weight |
(Lunagariya et al., 2014) |
Table 2: Selection of phytochemicals and their anti-obesity effects
Figure 1: Structures of anti-obesity drugs (Lunagariya et al., 2014)
Figure 2: Mechanism of dietary fats metabolism by pancreatic lipase.The nutrient digestion and absorption should be decreased in order to reduce energy intake [18]
Figure 3: Chemical structures of some important phytochemicals from different sources
Figure 4: Chemical structures of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from microbial source
Figure 5: Chemical structures of synthetic pancreatic lipase inhibitors
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance