Rice, simmered mackerel with miso, stewed daikon radish, simmered hijiki, Japanese pumpkin, Japanese green pea and eggs, Japanese spinach with sesame seeds, and simmered taro
Rice, hamburger steak in cheese, broccoli, spinach and bacon sooty, potato salad, branches and egg sweeteners, vegetables and tomato sauce
Rice, fried chicken, broccoli, konnyaku and ninjin no kinpira, okra and corn salads, chinese cabbage and shiitake bean paste, spinach ohitashi, and vegetables cooked together
Energy (kcal)
559
568
574
551
2000
Protein (%Energy)
13.1
12.5
13.5
12.6
13–20
Fat (%Energy)
22.1
25.7
26.2
24.5
20–30
Total Carbohydrate (%Energy)
63.8
60.8
59.3
61.9
50–65
- Sugar (g)
87.5
83.6
82.6
83.6
-
- Dietary fiber (g)
3.4
5.3
4.6
3.4
18 >
Sodium (mg)
673
646
741
682
2559
Potassium (mg)
542
422
524
407
2000
Calcium (mg)
218
87
268
73
650
Phosphorus (mg)
183
177
203
163
800
Iron (mg)
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.1
6.5
Table 3: Nutrition information for dinner
Table 4
Pattern
N
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Aa
4
Glucose
Hamburger steak
FGR
Fried chicken
Non snack
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Dinner + FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Ab
2
Glucose
Simmered mackerel with miso
FGR
Hamburger steak
Non snack
Fried chicken
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Ac
1
Glucose
Hamburger steak in Cheese
FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Non snack
Hamburger steak
Dinner + FGR
Fried chicken
Ad
2
Glucose
Fried chicken
FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Non snack
Simmered mackerel with miso
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak
Ba
3
FGR
Hamburger steak
Glucose
Fried chicken
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Non snack
Simmered mackerel with miso
Bb
1
FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Glucose
Hamburger steak
Dinner + FGR
Fried chicken
Non snack
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Bc
1
FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Glucose
Simmered mackerel with miso
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak
Non snack
Fried chicken
Bd
2
FGR
Fried chicken
Glucose
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Dinner + FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Non snack
Hamburger steak
Ca
1
Non snack
Hamburger steak
Dinner + FGR
Fried chicken
Glucose
Hamburger steak in Cheese
FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Cb
2
Non snack
Simmered mackerel with miso
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak
Glucose
Fried chicken
FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Cc
4
Non snack
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Dinner + FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Glucose
Hamburger steak
FGR
Fried chicken
Cd
2
Non snack
Fried chicken
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Glucose
Simmered mackerel with miso
FGR
Hamburger steak
Da
1
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak
Non snack
Fried chicken
FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Glucose
Simmered mackerel with miso
Db
3
Dinner + FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Non snack
Hamburger steak
FGR
Fried chicken
Glucose
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Dc
3
Dinner + FGR
Hamburger steak in Cheese
Non snack
Simmered mackerel with miso
FGR
Hamburger steak
Glucose
Fried chicken
Dd
1
Dinner + FGR
Fried chicken
Non snack
Hamburger steak in Cheese
FGR
Simmered mackerel with miso
Glucose
Hamburger steak
Table 1: Randomized of test schedule and dinner contents
Table 5
Time
F
G
N
A
5:00 p.m.
85.3 ± 10.5
90.6 ± 12.4
81.0 ± 9.8
82.5 ± 8.1
5:15
87.9 ± 9.0
99.3 ± 16.5
80.6 ± 9.8
81.1 ± 8.8
5:30
91.4 ± 12.5
109.3 ± 22.7**
80.4 ± 9.6**
80.3 ± 9.1**
5:45
91.8 ± 15.1
109.7 ± 23.4***
80.3 ± 9.6**
80.0 ± 9.8**
6:00
87.5 ± 12.9
101.6 ± 22.4***
79.6 ± 9.5**
79.8 ± 9.9**
6:15
83.4 ± 11.7
92.3 ± 20.9**
79.1 ± 9.3**
79.5 ± 8.5**
6:30
82.7 ± 14.9
86.2 ± 19.9*
78.8 ± 8.8
79.1 ± 8.7
6:45
82.2 ± 15.2
82.7 ± 15.7
78.1 ± 8.1
78.3 ± 9.3
7:00
80.5 ± 12.4
80.2 ± 13.7
77.6 ± 8.5
77.6 ± 9.2
7:15
80.3 ± 12.6
78.6 ± 13.7
77.5 ± 8.5
77.8 ± 9.7
7:30
79.5 ± 12.8
77.1 ± 11.4
78.4 ± 8.5
79.0 ± 10.2
7:45
76.7 ± 10.7
74.6 ± 10.4
77.9 ± 9.3
77.4 ± 9.5
8:00
78.9 ± 10.0
73.7 ± 10.2***
77.1 ± 9.5
78.0 ± 9.3
8:15
93.2 ± 13.0
86.5 ± 12.8
89.3 ± 13.2
92.0 ± 13.6
8:30
111.8 ± 17.5
112.4 ± 19.7
112.6 ± 18.2
117.5 ± 23.2
8:45
117.6 ± 20.0
125.3 ± 24.8*
124.6 ± 22.2
131.5 ± 31.2*
9:00
112.1 ± 21.2
118.6 ± 23.6
122.5 ± 26.9
129.8 ± 31.5**
9:15
107.2 ± 19.6
108.2 ± 22.6
117.1 ± 26.7*
123.7 ± 29.0**
9:30
105.6 ± 18.1
105.0 ± 22.0
114.1 ± 26.6*
118.2 ± 25.9*
9:45
107.2 ± 19.2
104.7 ± 19.5
111.7 ± 27.4
116.4 ± 20.8*
10:00
108.8 ± 19.8
103.5 ± 17.9
107.8 ± 27.0
112.8 ± 20.0
10:15
105.6 ± 17.0
102.7 ± 18.1
102.7 ± 25.6
107.4 ± 19.7
10:30
100.3 ± 16.0
102.5 ± 17.2
98.6 ± 22.6
102.0 ± 20.5
10:45
96.8 ± 17.5
100.7 ± 17.5
97.6 ± 18.9
99.4 ± 19.3
11:00
94.8 ± 17.8
97.1 ± 15.7
96.5 ± 15.5
97.4 ± 16.7
11:15
92.3 ± 17.6
93.0 ± 14.1
94.0 ± 14.5
95.0 ± 15.1
11:30
91.0 ± 16.3
91.1 ± 15.0
91.0 ± 14.4
93.9 ± 15.0
11:45
89.5 ± 15.7
90.3 ± 15.7
88.2 ± 14.1
93.1 ± 15.4
12:00 a.m.
86.9 ± 16.1
87.9 ± 13.9
86.5 ± 14.4
91.9 ± 14.8
12:15
85.1 ± 15.4
84.8 ± 12.7
85.7 ± 14.1
89.9 ± 14.2
12:30
83.5 ± 14.7
82.3 ± 12.7
84.7 ± 13.8
87.5 ± 13.0
12:45
81.7 ± 14.0
81.6 ± 12.4
83.2 ± 13.9
85.6 ± 11.8
1:00
79.6 ± 13.0
80.5 ± 11.6
81.7 ± 13.8
84.4 ± 11.4
1:15
78.0 ± 12.7
79.3 ± 11.4
80.5 ± 12.4
82.3 ± 10.9
1:30
77.1 ± 12.1
78.3 ± 11.7
78.6 ± 11.7
80.4 ± 9.8
1:45
76.3 ± 11.8
77.4 ± 11.5
76.6 ± 12.0
79.7 ± 10.1
2:00
75.4 ± 11.9
76.9 ± 11.4
75.0 ± 11.9
79.0 ± 9.7
2:15
75.1 ± 11.9
76.4 ± 10.7
74.2 ± 12.0
77.8 ± 9.4
2:30
75.0 ± 11.7
75.3 ± 9.6
74.9 ± 14.8
76.1 ± 9.4
2:45
74.6 ± 10.9
74.6 ± 8.9
74.5 ± 12.7
75.1 ± 10.1
3:00
73.9 ± 10.3
74.4 ± 9.6
73.4 ± 11.4
74.4 ± 10.4
Table 2: Glucose level
Glucose (mg/dL) was measured by FreeStyle Liber Pro. Group F; 5:00 p.m. Fruit granola snack, 8:00 p.m. Dinner. Group G; 5:00 p.m. Glucose snack, 8:00 p.m. Dinner. Group N; 5:00 p.m. No snack, 8:00 p.m. Dinner. Group A; 5:00 p.m. No snack, 8:00 p.m. Dinner + Fruit granola. Values are means ± standard deviation. Two way-repeated-ANOVA (Group; F (2.967, 80.11) = 82.83, p <0.001, Time; F (2.466, 66.59) = 2.878, p =0.05, Interaction; F (7.016, 126.3) = 7.94, p < 0.001.) was used for blood glucose data, and Dunnet's was used for multiple testing vs F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Table 6
Analysis
F
G
N
A
F value
P value
Snack
Maximal BG (mg/dL)
26.5 ± 10.1
47.3 ± 14.4***
4.3 ± 2.7***
4.3 ± 3.0***
F (1.862, 50.27) = 197.4
p < 0.001
AUC (min*mg/dL)
11526 ± 1616
12781 ± 1742**
9952 ± 1115***
9555 ± 923***
F (2.202, 59.46) = 67.1
p < 0.001
IAUC (min*mg/dL)
1136 ± 507
2263 ± 893***
138 ± 122***
142 ± 143***
F (1.585, 42.79) = 132.6
p < 0.001
Dinner
Maximal BG (mg/dL)
48.6 ± 16.2
58.5 ± 15.4**
58.4 ± 21.4*
65.4 ± 20.4***
F (2.804, 75.72) = 9.68
p < 0.001
AUC (min*mg/dL)
27352 ± 6770
29277 ± 4223*
29730 ± 5053
31162 ± 5654***
F (2.092, 56.47) = 9.16
p < 0.001
IAUC (min*mg/dL)
6415 ± 2242
7795 ± 2712**
7068 ± 2934
8977 ± 3645**
F (2.130, 57.52) = 7.89
p < 0.001
Table 3: Values of glucose response
Values are means ± standard deviation. AUC; area under the curve. One way-repeated-ANOVA was used for maximal glucose, AUC of glucose levels and Dunnet's was used for multiple testing vs F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. F, fruit granola snacks; G, glucose snacks; N, no snack; A, fruit granola added to dinner (no snack)
Table 7
Analysis
F
G
N
A
F value
P value
Hunger until dinner
2.4 ± 0.7
3.4 ± 1.0*
3.9 ± 0.9***
3.8 ± 1.0***
F = 34.67
p < 0.001
Concentration until dinner
3.7 ± 0.7
2.8 ± 0.7*
2.4 ± 0.7***
2.5 ± 0.5**
F = 22.66
p < 0.001
Goodness of subjective sleep
3.8 ± 0.7
3.5 ± 0.7
3.5 ± 0.8
3.0 ± 0.5***
F = 18.43
p < 0.001
Subjective depth sleep
3.9 ± 0.7
3.3 ± 0.9
3.0 ± 0.9*
3.1 ± 0.7
F = 14.07
p < 0.01
Good subjective awakening
3.6 ± 0.6
3.2 ± 0.9
2.8 ± 0.5**
2.6 ± 0.8**
F = 21.37
p < 0.001
Table 4: Values of questionnaire survey
Values are means ± standard deviation. The questionnaire-based survey used Friedman ranking, and Dunn was used for multiple testing vs F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. F, fruit granola snacks; G, glucose snacks; N, no snack; A, fruit granola added to dinner (no snack)
Table 8
Analysis
F
G
N
A
F value
P value
Waking (%)
12.2 ± 3.7
12.0 ± 2.4
13.2 ± 3.3
13.8 ± 4.6
F (2.589, 49.19) = 1.53
p = 0.22
REM-sleep (%)
19.5 ± 7.6
20.9 ± 5.9
20.3 ± 6.2
19.7 ± 6.7
F (2.472, 46.97) = 0.37
p = 0.75
Non-REM sleep (light) (%)
59.7 ± 8.6
60.1 ± 9.3
61.0 ± 10.4
59.4 ± 11.6
F (2.126, 40.39) = 0.17
p = 0.86
Non-REM sleeping (deep) (%)
17.0 ± 5.6
16.1 ± 4.9
14.8 ± 8.1
16.7 ± 9.3
F (2.382,45.25) = 0.53
p = 0.63
Number of awakenings
1.6 ± 1.2
2.8 ± 2.1
3.0 ± 1.8*
3.2 ± 2.5*
F (2.393, 45.47) = 3.26
p < 0.05
Table 5: Values of sleep quality
REM; rapid eye movement. Values are means ± standard deviation. One way-repeated-ANOVA was used for sleep quality and Dunnet's was used for multiple testing vs F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. F, fruit granola snacks; G, glucose snacks; N, no snack; A, fruit granola added to dinner (no snack)
FIGURE 1
Figure 1: Study design; Randomized and screening of subjects (A). Study protocol (B)
FIGURE 2
Figure 2: Response of glucose levels; Responses of glucose levels after the snack and dinner (A). Change in maximum glucose after snack intake (B). Area under the curve (AUC) of glucose levels after snack intake (C). Change in maximum glucose after dinner intake (D). AUC of glucose levels after dinner intake (F). Values are means ± standard deviation. Statistics vs. F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. F, fruit granola snacks group; G, glucose snacks group; N, no snack group; A, fruit granola added to dinner (no snack) group
FIGURE 3
Figure 3: Analysis of sleep quality by Fitbit; Time of wake up (%) (A), duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (%) (B), duration of non-REM sleep (light) (%) (C), duration of non-REM sleep (deep) (%) (D), and number of awakenings (E). Values are means ± standard deviation. Statistics vs. F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. F, fruit granola snack group; G, glucose snacks group; N, no snack group; A, fruit granola added to dinner (no snack) group
FIGURE 4
Figure 4: Questionnaire survey; Feeling hungry until dinner (A). Concentration until dinner (B). Goodness of subjective sleep (C). Subjective depth of sleep (D). Good subjective awakening (E). Values are means ± standard deviation. Statistics vs F group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance