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Introduction

Cyber crime

Cybercrime is a computer oriented crime which affects to lose financial and particular information. Those who do that kind of crimes are frequently called as hackers. There are a large number of cyber-crimes in the society; email bombing, salami attacks, Dos attack, logic bombs, Trojan horse, internet time thefts, web jacking. [2]

New technologies give rise to a variety of criminal opportunities while new types of crime have a very little effect. The significant contrast is the utilization of the computer; however, innovation alone is inadequate for any differentiation that may be between various domains of crime. Criminals with or without modern technology find ways to commit crimes like, exchange youngster porn and licensed innovation, take a digital personality, or abuse somebody's privacy. That large number of exercises with cyber as a prefix came universal. [3]

When comparing cyber-crimes with other crimes, cyber-crimes can’t be classified fluently because there are numerous different types of hackers and they have various motivations behind their actions. The hackers are in high intellectual states than other programmers as a result of having a vast knowledge. According to the intellectual state of hackers they use their skills to do wrong things. But a few have allured to do good things. Hackers have their built-in culture, religion, race and nationalism. Hackers simply engage to do cybercrimes. [2]

The Reason of computer vulnerabilities

Lack of space to store data

Computers have the unique ability to store data in very small spaces. This makes it easier to delete or export details using software or hardware.

Accessing is easy

The problem encountered in protecting computer systems from unwanted exist are due to human error and the possibility of various violation due to complex technology. Key loggers that access code can be stolen through secretly embedded logic bombs, advanced recorders; many security systems can biometric systems and bypass firewalls.

Complex

Computers work on operating systems, which in turn consist of millions of codes. The human mind is wrong, and no mistake can be made at any stage. Cybercrime use these spaces and enter computer systems.

Negligence

Carelessness is very similar to related to anthropoid behaviour. Therefore, it is likely that there may be any negligence while protecting the computer system, which in turn supply cyber-crime with guide of own network.

Mislaying of proof

Mislaying of proof is a very ordinary issue. because all facts are often demolishing. At a greater distance data hoard external surface, the territorial scope also paralyzed the criminal investigation network. [4]

Classification Of Cyber Crimes

Malware attacks

When a computer or a computer network got affected by a virus or any other type of malware then it is said to be a malware attack. Cybercriminals can use an affected computer to accomplish various types of goals which can include things like stealing of private data, carrying out illegal acts with the help of computers, or damaging data. Most commonly the cybercriminals hold the victim’s personal sensitive data to extort money by demanding ransom, such type of malware attacks are classified as Ransomware. [5]

Cyber Stalking

Cyber stalking can be described as a criminal practice which involve an individual who harass or threaten someone with the use of the internet. With the use of online means such as email or any social media the cyber stalkers make their victims feel intimidated, molested or frightened by wilful stalking. Most commonly the victims are those people which the stalkers generally know and as seen in most of the cases the victims are generally females. Earlier the cases were difficult to solve as there was a no proper punishment under the IT Act passed in the year 2000. The cyber stalkers were booked under Section 509 of the IPC before the Correction of the IT Act in the year 2008. At present the cases which are related to cyber stalking as a crime can be booked under Section 66A of the Act in which the cyber stalker is punishable offense with an imprisonment of up to three times, and is also liable to fine. [1]

Cyber Bullying

It can be easily understood as the bullying of any individual over electric communication through messages with a threatening or intimidating nature. Individuals which are generally teenagers are given threats or harassed and humiliated or else targeted with objectionable content and messages over any type of digital technology is called as Cyber Bullying. Cyber bullying can sometime reach to position which can be charged under cyber harassment as well, or if the child is a young one then it can also be charged under juvenile delinquency. With a high increase in the use of digital technologies it is advised to parents to keep checking upon their child’s behaviour. Also they should guard their young ones from such cybercrimes. [6]

Cyber Pornography

Cyber Pornography is a type of cybercrime which can be referred as an act of producing, exhibiting, distributing or publishing pornography or obscene materials by using cyberspace. It can also be understood as stimulating sexual or any other erogenous exercise on cyberspace and most commonly the internet can be stated as cyber pornography. There are many sites which display pornographic tapes or prints, that are produced with a very low cost by either sexual exploitation or through morphing of females and children generally. Morphing can be described as editing done in an original picture from any fake identity or user and is a punishable offense under Section 66 of IT Act, 2000 and IPC. [7]

Cyber Theft

Cyber Theft is a type of cybercrime which can be characterised by stealing of sensitive information or funds by cyber criminals with the aid of computer or internet. There are various crimes which are included under cyber theft that are Identity theft, data leaking etc. Identity theft is the type of fraud in which the cyber criminals steal the identity of the victim over the internet with a purpose to steal money from the victim’s bank account, debit or credit card or through other means. Such action is punishable under Section 66C of the It Act, 2008. [10]

Phishing

Phishing is commonly committed cybercrime in which the cyber criminals to steal sensitive data of the victims like passwords of various accounts, bank details, details of credit card, usernames etc. Email spoofing is the most common means which is used to aid such crime.

Forgery

Forgery can be easily understood as generating false documents, currency notes, revenue stamps, signatures and other such documents.

Web jacking

In web jacking, the hackers or cyber criminals hijack the victims account by using a fake website with an intention to harm it or to alter the data of the victim’s webpage. Generally, to perform web jacking the criminal send a link via email to the victim. As soon as the victims open the link, it is redirected to a new webpage which shows a message to click on another link. After clicking on the second link the user reaches to a fake webpage where the crime take place. [1]

Cyber Embezzlement

Such crimes are committed by a former employee or worker who still got a legal access within the company's working network or devices. The most common motive behind such crime is making money through various illegal methods.

Corporate Espionage

The crime is committed by an individual in other to gain competitive advantage against the company inside of the market. Companies store various types of data in their working network such as company’s marketing strategy, secrets related to everyday trade, financial reports, list of potential customers which the cyber-criminal steal by entering the network from inside as well from outside of the company to get trade benefit and strategical advantages.

Plagiarism

In this type of crime, the criminal used to steal someone else original document and call it their own work. The problem of plagiarism is accelerating day-by-day since people nowadays got easy access to the internet where a vast amount of data is available. Now a day there are a plenty of software available online which can discover plag/plagiarism. [8]

Email Spoofing

Email Spoofing is very common now-a-days in this type of crime a fraudulent email activity \methodology used to hide the original address of the send mail message, although the mail appears to have come from a legitimate source. Such tactics are usually done by spammers who have vicious intentions similar to gain access to someone 's banking information or to spread virus. Section 463 of the IPC is applied under which the criminal is charged with forgery for committing such offences. [1]

Psychology

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour. Psychology also refers to the application of similar knowledge to various spheres of human exercise, including relating to individuals' day-to-day lives and the treatment of mental illness.

There is a great difference between various social sciences and psychology. The other social sciences include

• anthropology,
• economics,
• political science, and
• sociology

In psychology we study about various psychological processes to provide explanation for behaviour of any individuals. On the other hand, in biology and neuroscience one studies about the various biological or neural processes. The main objective of psychology is related to study of interaction of mental processes and the actions which take place on a systemic level. Under the subfield of neuropsychology studies one studies about the actual neural processes, at the same time under biological psychology we pay more focus to the biological bases of behaviour and mental states. Science of behaviour and mental processes is generally called as Psychology. [9][10]

Over the past many year, psychology has evolved as a social science and today it has a large application in various fields like clinical, forensic, counselling as well as psycho- therapy sessions which helps people who are related to distressed, research and observation for the better understanding of certain kind behaviour patterns and personality, attitude and also perception. [11]

Criminal Psychology

Understanding and studying of criminal behaviour comes under the Criminal psychology study. The term behaviour widely includes criminal’s character, attitude, physiology, education, motivation, thinking and different cognitive agents which are responsible of commitment of crime or for person having criminal intentions. [13]

To deeply describe, predict, explain or control any criminal behaviour it is essential that one should first understand the psychology of any criminal.

What is a criminal psychologist?

There are a number of names through which we know Criminal psychologists such as:

There are two main branches of Psychology from which criminal psychology has emerged namely Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology.

Social Psychology

Social psychology is a major part of human psychology which plays an important role in studying behaviours of criminals and affiliated aspects.

By studying the individual’s behaviour in a group it enables the psychologists that how the behaviour of that individual got affected due to presence of others, their actions and thoughts regarding other beings which lead to generating a perception of other person present with the individual.

Clinical disorder is not always the reason of crime being committed by the criminal. Environmental factors, social issues, and pressure are the reason due to which majority of crimes happen with deep planning.

It provides us with a deep understanding of the social context of any crime and the major cause which results such type of behaviour. As human are considered as social animals, although much behavioural actions are result of effect which social norms, the difference between good or bad behaviour, and other such predefined norms leaves on an individual’s mind.

There are many theories which can be used to understand the motives, actions and behaviour of an individual while being a member of a group or under someone else presence. Though many more research are already ongoing as human behaviour is very vast topic and without proper experiments it is very difficult to fully understand any individual’s behaviour under various type of situations. [12-16]

Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology qualifies us to conclude the behaviour, mental and psychological emotions contributing to criminal behaviour. mental fitness is a notable predictor of criminal behaviour. Another defication of mental health in a nonprofessional term as "an individual who looks healthy". But mental health is a deeper concept .it includes physical, social, and psychological health of an individual. An individual is considered to be mentally healthy when he's physically fit, is capable to interact with people, maintain healthy social and family relations and is also psychologically fit. [17-19]

Purpose

The main objective to study criminal psychology is to acknowledge behaviour behind unlawful action and also to modify as well as control such actions in future. Criminal psychologist is required to assist out the law enforcement department and authorities at the time of any ongoing case investigation by providing a psychological profile which include report of frequent criminals to help investigate the reasons which resulted in actions of the criminal.

Criminal psychology deals and also helps in cases which are related to the resolution of a marital conflict, family cases or any case which include custody judgement of a child. The other important work done by criminal psychologists is to examine any criminal to find out any type of mental illness which is essential in validating a provided mental illness certificate. Criminal psychologist also provide counselling which help in improving their condition. A criminal psychologist is becoming an essential part of our legal systems these days.

They are not only required to understand the criminals better but also to help the police personal in any case investigation. Criminal psychologist is also required to generate manuals and to make investigators more aware related to criminal psychology which is essential while they are dealing with any case which involve a criminal suffering with mental illness.

Another major task for a psychologist is to research a way to manage mental issues of investigator’s, culprit’s, as well as of victim’s which can arise during the case investigation. Also to find out new methods which will help the professionals to maintain and improve mental health and also to give counselling to criminals and crime victims. It is also essential to understand the internal state of youth in academy and council who have being showing symptoms of distinguish behaviour and how to reintegrate such criminals back into the society. [15-19]

Conclusion

As cybercrime is growing with every passing day it is essential to understand the mentality of cyber criminals in order to make programmes to avoid such crimes. Unfortunately, human behaviour is not an exact science. It is entirely possible that you may think that you belong to a certain emotional type, but your reaction to phishing email (obviously when you do not know that they are phishing emails!) may surprise you. However, it doesn’t harm to know oneself a bit better if it can save you from some unpleasantness in return. Study of criminal behaviour is legal by using approved methods and is widely in use today to determine the behaviour of any criminal by studying various traits. Such studies help to predict their activities which can also be useful in finding out a solution to tackle these crimes.

Studying a cyber-criminal several elements based on criminal law which are mentioned below