Tables at a glance

Table 1

Table 2

Figures at a glance

Comments

Figure 1

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Figure 2

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Figure 3

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Figure 4

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Figure 5

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Figure 6

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Figure 7

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Figure 8

Table 1

% Composition	composition
27.17	Dry Matter
55.21	Crude Protein
23.88	Crude fat
8.74	Crude Fiber
7.16	Crude ash
5.01	Nitrogen-free extract
43.09	Essential amino acids
56.91	Nonessential amino acids
40.60	Saturated fatty acid
59.39	Unsaturated fatty acid

Table 1: Chemical composition of housefly larva extract. All values are calculated on a 100% dry matter basis

Table 2

Reproductive parameters	Experimental groups
Reproductive parameters	GCS	LPE	TRT	TRT+LPE
Copulation index (%)	100	100	80	100
Gestation index (%)	100	100	75	100
Litter size	10	10	6	10
Implants/litter	13.35±0.54a	12.95±0.55a	9.83±0.65b	12.34±0.25a
Viable/litter	13.11±0.75 a	12.07±0.63 a	8.66±0.62 b	12.11±0.91 a
Resorbed/litter	0.24±0.05 a	0.36±0.02 a	1.17±0.31 b	0.21±0.01 a
Corpus luteum/dam	13.41±0.88 a	13.01±0.43 a	10.10±0.61 b	12.47±0.78 a
Fertility potential %	‎99.6‎ ±4.05 a	‎99.5±3.96 a ‎	‎97.3±3.16 ‎ a	‎98.9±3.78 a ‎
Pre-implantation loss %	0.45±0.65 a	0.46±0.77 a	2.67±1.01 b	1.04±0.36 c
Post-implantation loss %	1.79±0.55 a	2.89±0.86 a	11.90±1.01 b	1.70±0.47 a
Fetal weight (g)	5.24 ± 1.07 a	5.31 ±0.94 a	7.43 ±1.82b	4.99 ±0.79 a
Crown-Rump Length (CRL) (mm)	4.55 ±0.95 a	4.28 ±0.89 a	3.10 ±0.98 b	4.53 ±0.83 a
Male: Female	64:60	67:63	32:34	62:60

Table 2: Effect of the oral administration of TRT and/or LEP on maternal reproductive potency of females after cohabitation with untreated male rats

FIGURE 1

Figure 1: Effects of Triton and/or combination with larval extract on A: body weight gain and B: ovary weight after 30 days of oral administration Data are shown as means ą SD, N= 10 rats/group.

Mean values with different superscript (a, b, c) were differences at P=0.05.

GCS: Positive Control.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2: Levels of serum lipoproteins (lipid profile) of Triton (TRT), larval extract (LPE) and their combination (TRT+LPE) of female rat A: after 24 hours and B: after 30 days of oral administration

Data are presented as mean ą SD, N= 10 rats/group.

Mean values with different superscript (a, b) in the same parameter were differences at P=0.05. GCS: Positive Control

FIGURE 3

Figure 3: The effect of Triton (TRT), larval extract (LPE) and their combination (TRT+LPE) on level of A: serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and B: atherogenic index (AI) of female rats compared to the controls Data are shown as means ą SD, N= 10 rats/group.

Mean values with different superscript (a, b) were differences at P=0.05.

GCS: Positive Control

FIGURE 4

Figure 4: The effect of Triton (TRT), larval protein extract (LPE) and their combination (TRT+LPE) on ovarian oxidative activities. A: levels of MDA; B: activities of catalase CAT and glutathione GSH; C: superoxide dismutase SOD, and glutathione peroxidase GPx) of female rats. Data are shown as means ą SD, N= 10 rats/group.

Mean values with different superscript (a, b, c) in the same parameter were differences at P=0.05.

GCS: Positive Control

FIGURE 5

Figure 5: The effect of Triton (TRT), larval protein extract (LPE) and their combination (TRT+LPE) on A: ovarian xanthine oxidase (XO), B: nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities of female rats compared to the controls. Data are shown as means ą SD, N= 10 rats/group.

Mean values with different superscript (a, b) in the same parameter were differences at P=0.05.

GCS: Positive Control

FIGURE 6

Figure 6: Gravid uterine horns with rat fetuses from hypercholesterolemic female rats treated by TRT (gestation day 19, GD19). Ovary (arrow) embedded in fatty tissue (F), viable fetuses (V), dead fetuses (D). 20X.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7: Morphological anomalies in rat fetuses from dams treated with 200mg/bw TRT. (A) stunt pup (Deformed), vs normal (control) on left. (B) subcutaneous hemorrhage fetus (H), crown-rump defect (arrow). 20X.

FIGURE 8

Figure 8: Histopathology of ovarian tissue from the female rats treated with Triton and/or larval protein extract. A: control group; B, extract group; C and D, Triton group; E, TRT+LPE group. Notice: Graafian follicles in different size (G), normal corpus luteum (C), ovarian stroma (T), fibrinoid necrosis in the interstitial regions (N), follicular cyst (F), epithelial cyst (E), autophagic vacuoles containing cell debris to form residual bodies of lipofuscin pigment granules in brown atrophy (L). Ovarian tissue was replaced by hyperplasia of Sertoli cells (S), degenerated oocytes (O), Inflammatory hemorrhage (H). Bar =100ľ. Masson's Trichrome