Figure 1: comparison between the heat affect zone in case of laser irradiation pulses: continuous wavelength (CW), Nanosecond (ns) and Picosecond (ps)/Femtosecond (fs) laser pulses
Notation Meaning |
Notation Meaning |
CH |
Cluster Head |
CM |
Cluster Member |
BS |
Base Station |
n |
Total number of wireless sensor nodes |
l |
Length of message in Bits |
p |
Probability to select a node as CH |
T(sni) |
Threshold function value against ith sensor node |
DT |
Direct Transmission |
TDMA |
Time Division Multiple Access |
|
Remaining energy level of the node during the ith round |
Energy will be consumed by the elected CH during the ith round |
|
E0 |
Initial assigned energy level |
M |
Network diameter |
m |
Number of clusters |
K |
Optimal number of CHs |
|
Transmitter amplifier refers to the free space mode |
|
Transmitter amplifier refers to the multi-path attenuation mode |
Eprocessing |
Energy consumption in local processing |
ETx |
Transmitter Electronics |
ERx |
Receiver Electronics |
Eelec |
Energy consumption of transmitting l-bit |
|
Critical value for dividing the spatial model. |
DRN |
Death Rate of Nodes |
FND |
First Node Died |
HND |
Half of the Nodes Died |
SRE |
System Residual Energy |
Table 1: Summary of the used notations
Parameters |
Value |
Sensing Area |
100 × 100 m2, |
Node Density (n) |
100 |
Initial Energy of each node (E0) |
0.25J, 0.5J, 1.0J |
Energy dissipation: receiving (Eamp) |
0.0013 pJ/bit/m4 |
Energy dissipation: free space model (Efs) |
10 pJ/bit/m2 |
Energy dissipation: power amplifier (Eamp) |
100 pJ/bit/m2 |
Energy dissipation: aggregation (EDA) |
5 nJ/bit |
Data Packet Length (Bits) |
2000, 4000 |
Table 2: Simulation parameters of sensor network
Figure 1: comparison between the heat affect zone in case of laser irradiation pulses: continuous wavelength (CW), Nanosecond (ns) and Picosecond (ps)/Femtosecond (fs) laser pulses
Figure 2: laser ablation process showed the ejected material atoms from the surface and Heat affected zone due to the laser irradiation of the surface
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of CO2 Laser engraving and Cutting system
Figure 5: Flowchart of RR-LEACH
Figure 6: The network lifetime
Figure 7: NDR evolution during the network lifetime
Figure 8: System Residual Energy evaluation
Figure 9: Energy consumption evolution
Figure 10: Packets sent to BS
Figure 11: The achieved lifetime for varying initial energy: Number of alive nodes vs. number of rounds. Energy initial of (a) 0.25J; (b) 0.5J; (c) 1.0J
Figure 12: NDR evolution during the network lifetime under varying initial energy. Initial energy of (a) 0.25J, (b) 0.5J, (c) 1.0J
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance