|
Using herbal remedies |
Not using herbal remedies |
X2 |
P -value |
Age (years) |
N= 107 |
N =243 |
5.187 |
0.075 |
<40 |
20 (18.7) |
43 (17.7) |
|
|
40-59 |
54 (50.5) |
95 (39.1) |
|
|
>59 |
33 (30.8) |
105 (43.2) |
|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
Male |
47 (43.9) |
150 (61.7) |
9.576 |
0.001 |
Female |
60 (56.1) |
93 (38.3) |
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
Illiterate |
22 (20.6) |
51 (21.0) |
0.283 |
0.868 |
<12 years of education |
30 (28.0) |
70 (28.8) |
|
|
³12 years of education |
55 (51.4) |
122 (50.2) |
|
|
Nationality |
|
|
|
|
Kuwaiti |
80 (74.8) |
201 (82.7) |
|
|
Non-Kuwaiti |
27 (25.2) |
42 (17.3) |
|
|
Monthly Income |
|
|
|
|
<500 KD |
25 (23.4) |
60 (24.7) |
34.518 |
3.195 |
500-1000 KD |
50 (46.7) |
82 (33.7) |
|
|
³1000 KD |
32 (29.9) |
101 (41.6) |
|
|
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
Employed |
70 (65.4) |
150 (61.7) |
0.938 |
0.626 |
Unemployed |
10 (9.3) |
20 (8.2) |
|
|
Retired |
27 (25.2) |
73 (30.1) |
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
Married |
90 (84.1) |
220 (90.5) |
2.866 |
0.090 |
Unmarried |
17 (15.9) |
23 (9.5) |
|
|
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of herbal users and non-herbal users
English name |
Local name |
Latin name |
Using remedy |
% |
Fenugreek |
Helbah |
Trigonella |
10 |
9.3 |
Black cumin |
Habba Soda |
Nigella Sativa |
15 |
14.1 |
Cinnamon |
Darcein |
Cinamonum |
12 |
11.2 |
Bitter apple |
HanThal |
Citrullus |
10 |
9.3 |
White Lupine |
Termes |
Lupinus Albus |
6 |
5.6 |
Garlic |
Thum |
Allium Sativuon |
11 |
10.3 |
Onion |
Basal |
Allium Cepa |
7 |
6.5 |
Aloe Vera |
Sabr |
Aloe Vera L. |
5 |
4.7 |
Wormwood |
Sheeh |
Artemisia Judaica |
5 |
4.7 |
Herbal mix |
|
|
17 |
15.9 |
More than one type |
- |
- |
9 |
8.4 |
Table 2: Herbal medicine used to treat diabetes mellitus
Variable |
Using herbs |
Not using |
X2 |
P- Value |
Family history of diabetes |
No % |
No % |
|
|
Yes |
62 (58) |
130 (53.4) |
0.593 |
0.441 |
No |
45 (42) |
113 (46.5) |
|
|
Duration of diabetes |
|
|
|
|
< 5 years |
42 (39.3) |
101 (41.6) |
0.166 |
0.684 |
5+ years |
65 (60.7) |
142 (58.4) |
|
|
Continuity of care |
|
|
|
|
Follow-up always in the same clinic |
40 (37.4) |
97 (40.0) |
0.199 |
0.656 |
Follow up in different centers |
67 (62.6) |
146 (60.0) |
|
|
Regularity of follow- up |
|
|
|
|
Regular |
32 (30.0) |
160 (65.8) |
53.519 |
2.561 |
Not regular |
75 (70.0) |
83 (34.2) |
|
|
Number of annual follow up visits |
|
|
|
|
< 6 per year |
61 (57.0) |
70(28.8) |
25.228 |
4.938 |
6+ per year |
46 (43.0) |
173(71.2) |
|
|
Table 3: History of diabetes, duration and continuity of care in patients
Variable |
Using herbs |
Not using |
X2 |
P- Value |
Glycaemic control |
|
|
|
|
Controlled HbA1c <7% |
31 29 |
145 60 |
28.01 |
1.207 |
Not-controlled HbA1 c ≥7% |
76 71 |
98 40 |
40 |
|
Type of treatment |
|
|
|
|
On diet only |
3 2.8 |
8 3.3 |
0.255 |
0.968 |
Oral tablets |
80 74.8 |
183 75.3 |
|
|
Insulin |
5 4.7 |
13 5.3 |
|
|
Mixed |
19 17.7 |
39 16.1 |
|
|
Regularity of treatment |
|
|
|
|
On Diet only |
3 2.8 |
5 2.1 |
16.938 |
0.0002 |
Regular medical treatment |
10 9.3 |
73 30.0 |
|
|
Irregular medical treatment |
94 87.9 |
165 67.9 |
|
|
Complications of DM |
|
|
|
|
Absent |
31 28.9 |
202 83.1 |
93.723 |
3.629 |
Present |
76 71.1 |
41 16.9 |
|
|
Table 4: Diabetes mellitus control and compliance
|
No |
% |
Source of information |
|
|
Self option |
5 |
4.7 |
Friends |
74 |
69.2 |
Family |
15 |
14.0 |
Media |
13 |
12.1 |
Indications for use |
|
|
Supportive |
50 |
46.7 |
Loss of confidence with drug |
31 |
29.0 |
To avoid complications |
10 |
9.3 |
More than one cause |
16 |
15.0 |
Side effects of herbal medicine |
|
|
Yes |
30 |
28.0 |
No |
70 |
65.4 |
Not sure |
7 |
6.5 |
Use alongside with conventional treatment |
|
|
Yes |
64 |
59.8 |
No |
35 |
32.7 |
Sometimes |
8 |
7.5 |
|
|
|
Frequency of use |
|
|
Daily |
42 |
39.3 |
Weekly |
50 |
46.7 |
Other |
15 |
14.0 |
|
|
|
Satisfaction |
|
|
Yes |
80 |
74.8 |
No |
20 |
18.7 |
Note sure |
7 |
6.5 |
|
|
|
Informing the clinic doctor |
|
|
Yes |
5 |
4.7 |
No |
102 |
95.3 |
Table 5: Perceptions and attitudes of use of herbal medicine
Tables at a glance