Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Infection

Medications

Electrolyte imbalances
Dehydration
Fecal impaction

Table 1: Common underlying causes of delirium in the ID population

Orientation

Comfort

Ask caregivers to bring treasured objects from home such as a favorite blanket or pictures of loved ones
Encourage caregivers to visit frequently during the daytime
Closely monitor and treat issues such as constipation or pain

Avoid over-stimulation
Minimize disruptions in nighttime sleep

Table 2: Environmental measures for delirium-related agitation

	Characteristics	Onset	Treatment
Acute Dystonia	Muscle spasm or stiffness (e.g., torticollis, trismus), tongue protrusions, oculogyric crisis	Usually occurs within the first hours or days of treatment and is most common in young males	Diphenhydramine, anticholinergics (benztropine, trihexyphenidyl)
Akathisia	Subjective feeling of restlessness and is in constant motion, unable to sit still, pacing, alternating sitting and standing	Usually occurs within the first few days of treatment. Most commonly occurs with the atypical antipsychotic Aripiprazole	Propranolol, benzodiazepines
Parkinsonism	Stiffness, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait, mask-like facies and is most common in elderly females	Usually occurs within the first few months of treatment, related to antipsychotic-induced dopamine depletion	Diphenhydramine, anticholinergics (benztropine, trihexyphenidyl)
Tardive Dyskinesia	Perioral movements (darting or protruding movements of the tongue, chewing, grimacing, puckering). choreoathetosis of the head, limbs, trunk.	Usually presents after years of treatment	Valbenazine, deutetrabenazine, some antipsychotics may suppress symptoms (e.g., quetiapine, clozapine)

Table 3: Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms