Variable |
Category |
N |
Mean±SD or % |
Study area |
Area 18 Health Centre |
142 |
59.9 |
Bwaila |
39 |
16.5 |
|
Lighthouse KCH |
56 |
23.6 |
|
Gender |
Male |
59 |
24.9 |
Female |
178 |
75.1 |
|
Age in years |
NA |
237 |
39.2±10.2 |
Marital status |
Married |
152 |
64.1 |
|
Divorced/Separated Widowed/Single |
85 |
35.9 |
Have children |
Yes |
223 |
94.1 |
No |
14 |
5.9 |
|
Number of Children |
NA |
237 |
3±1.7 |
Living arrangement |
Living with spouse |
148 |
62.4 |
Living with children |
53 |
22.4 |
|
Living with guardian |
25 |
10.5 |
|
Living alone |
11 |
4.6 |
|
Level of education |
Primary or less |
151 |
63.7 |
Secondary or more |
86 |
36.3 |
|
Occupation |
Working |
127 |
53.6 |
Not working |
110 |
46.4 |
|
Current treatment status |
Outpatient |
237 |
100.0 |
Inpatient |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Reasons for visiting clinic |
To get ARVs |
218 |
92.0 |
Other |
19 |
8.0 |
|
Time since the start of ARVs |
NA |
196 |
6.5±5.2 |
SD = standard deviation; and NA = not applicable. Demographics (Continued)
Type of ART |
1A |
0 |
0.0 |
2A |
0 |
0.0 |
|
5A |
12 |
5.1 |
|
7A |
0 |
0.0 |
|
13A |
223 |
94.1 |
|
6A |
1 |
0.4 |
|
14A |
1 |
0.4 |
|
Any changes made on ART? |
Yes |
162 |
68.4 |
No |
75 |
31.6 |
|
Changed from which ART? |
1A to 13A |
0 |
0.0 |
2A to 13A |
0 |
0.0 |
|
5A to 13A |
59 |
24.9 |
|
6A to 13A |
1 |
0.4 |
|
7A to 13A |
5 |
2.1 |
|
Unknown to 13A |
94 |
39.7 |
|
Not applicable |
77 |
32.5 |
|
Unknown to 14A |
1 |
0.4 |
|
Taking cotrimoxazole |
Yes |
196 |
82.7 |
No |
41 |
17.3 |
|
Taking psychotropic medications |
Yes |
4 |
1.7 |
No |
233 |
98.3 |
|
GAF |
NA |
237 |
81.2±10.3 |
Diagnosis |
Psychotic disorder |
23 |
9.7 |
Mood disorder |
120 |
50.6 |
|
Anxiety disorder |
16 |
6.8 |
|
Alcohol/Drug abuse |
14 |
5.9 |
|
Alcohol/Drug abuse dependence |
2 |
0.8 |
|
None |
62 |
26.2 |
SD = standard deviation; and NA = not applicable.
Demographics (Continued)
Mood disorders |
Bipolar 1 disorder |
4 |
1.7 |
Bipolar 2 disorder |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Major depressive disorder |
88 |
37.1 |
|
Depressive disorder NOS |
20 |
8.4 |
|
Others |
8 |
3.4 |
|
None |
117 |
49.4 |
|
Psychotic disorders |
Schizophrenia |
3 |
1.3 |
Schizophreniform disorder |
3 |
1.3 |
|
Brief psychotic disorder |
3 |
1.3 |
|
Psychotic disorder secondary to GMC |
5 |
2.1 |
|
Substance induced psychotic disorder |
8 |
3.4 |
|
Psychotic disorder NOS |
7 |
3.0 |
|
Schizoaffective disorder |
2 |
0.8 |
|
None |
206 |
86.9 |
|
Anxiety disorders |
Panic disorder |
3 |
1.3 |
Generalized anxiety disorder |
1 |
0.4 |
|
Anxiety disorder NOS |
29 |
12.2 |
|
Others |
8 |
3.4 |
|
None |
196 |
82.7 |
SD = standard deviation; and NA = not applicable.
Demographics (Continued)
Drug/Substance disorder |
Abuse |
14 |
5.9 |
Dependence |
12 |
5.1 |
|
Others |
2 |
0.8 |
|
None |
209 |
88.2 |
|
Comorbidity |
Yes |
46 |
19.4 |
None |
191 |
80.6 |
Table 1: Demographic, clinical and other related characteristics of study participants
Mental Disorders |
Frequency |
Percentage |
95% CI |
P value** |
|
Lower |
Upper |
||||
Yes |
175 |
73.8 |
67.8 |
79.3 |
< 0.001 |
No |
62 |
26.2 |
20.7 |
32.2 |
|
Chi-square homogenous test. ** = significant association p = <0.05.
Table 2: Prevalence of common mental disorders
Variable |
N (%) |
Mental Disorders |
AOR |
95%CI |
P value |
Age |
237 (100.0) |
175 (73.8) |
0.997 |
0.933 – 1.023 |
0.318 |
Functionality (GAF) |
237 (100.0) |
175 (73.8) |
0.820 |
0.761 – 0.885 |
< .001** |
Number of children |
237 (100.0) |
175 (73.8) |
0.950 |
0.742 – 1.217 |
0.686 |
Study area |
|
|
|
|
|
Area 18 Health Centre |
142 (59.9) |
109 (76.8) |
2.679 |
1.036 – 6.931 |
0.042 |
Bwaila Lighthouse |
39 (16.5) |
23 (59.0) |
0.775 |
0.240 – 2.507 |
0.671 |
Lighthouse KCH |
56 (23.6) |
43 (76.8) |
Reference |
|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
59 (24.9) |
44 (74.6) |
1.489 |
0.580 – 3.820 |
0.408 |
Female |
178 (75.1) |
131 (73.6) |
Reference |
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
Divorced/Separated/ |
85 (35.9) |
66 (77.6) |
2.913 |
0.525 – 16.175 |
0.221 |
Married |
152 (64.1) |
109 (71.7) |
Reference |
|
|
Living arrangement |
|
|
|
|
|
Living with spouse |
148 (62.4) |
108 (73.0) |
0.972 |
0.087 – 10.839 |
0.982 |
Living with children |
53 (22.4) |
41 (77.4) |
0.588 |
0.070 – 4.925 |
0.624 |
Living with guardian |
25 (10.5) |
17 (68.0) |
0.186 |
0.018 – 1.924 |
0.158 |
Living alone |
11 (4.6) |
9 (81.8) |
Reference |
|
|
Variable |
N (%) |
Mental Disorders |
AOR |
95%CI |
P value |
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
110 (46.4) |
81 (73.6) |
0.913 |
0.438 – 1.902 |
0.808 |
Yes |
127 (53.6) |
94 (74.0) |
Reference |
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
Primary or less |
151 (63.7) |
111 (73.5) |
0.867 |
0.406 – 1.849 |
0.711 |
More than primary |
86 (36.3) |
64 (74.4) |
Reference |
|
|
Reason for visit |
|
|
|
|
|
To get ARVs |
218 (92.0) |
158 (72.5) |
0.103 |
0.016 – 0.648 |
0.015** |
Other |
19 (8.0) |
17 (89.5) |
Reference |
|
|
Change of ART |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
75 (31.6) |
55 (73.3) |
0.901 |
0.408 – 1.987 |
0.795 |
Yes |
162 (68.4) |
120 (74.1) |
Reference |
|
|
Taking cotrimoxazole |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
41 (17.3) |
29 (70.7) |
0.563 |
0.211 – 1.500 |
0.250 |
Yes |
196 (82.7) |
146 (74.5) |
Reference |
|
|
Taking psychotropic medication |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
233 (98.3) |
172 (73.8) |
0.317 |
0.021 – 4.828 |
0.409 |
Yes |
4 (1.7) |
3 (75.0) |
Reference |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 3: Demographic factors associated with the prevalence of Mental Disorders
Variable |
N (%) |
Mood Disorders |
AOR |
95%CI |
P value |
Age |
237 (100.0) |
175 (73.8) |
1.000 |
0.960 – 1.041 |
0.984 |
GAF |
237 (100.0) |
175 (73.8) |
0.904 |
0.871 – 0.938 |
<0.001** |
Number of children |
237 (100.0) |
175 (73.8) |
0.914 |
0.734 – 1.138 |
0.420 |
Study area |
|
|
|
|
|
Area 18 Health Centre |
142 (59.9) |
73 (51.4) |
1.936 |
0.869 – 4.314 |
0.106 |
Bwaila Lighthouse |
39 (16.5) |
20 (51.3) |
1.792 |
0.627 – 5.121 |
0.276 |
Lighthouse KCH |
56 (23.6) |
27 (48.2) |
Reference |
|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
59 (24.9) |
18 (30.5) |
0.206 |
0.085 – 0.497 |
< .001** |
Female |
178 (75.1) |
102 (57.3) |
Reference |
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
Divorced/Separated/ |
85 (35.9) |
47 (55.3) |
2.417 |
0.394 – 14.835 |
0.340 |
Married |
152 (64.1) |
73 (48.0) |
Reference |
|
|
Living arrangement |
|
|
|
|
|
Living with spouse |
148 (62.4) |
73 (49.3) |
0.917 |
0.092 – 9.099 |
0.941 |
Living with children |
53 (22.4) |
29 (54.7) |
0.381 |
0.070 – 2.081 |
0.265 |
Living with guardian |
25 (10.5) |
10 (40.0) |
0.158 |
0.024 – 1.051 |
0.056 |
Living alone |
11 (4.6) |
8 (72.7) |
Reference |
|
|
Variable |
N (%) |
Mood Disorders |
AOR |
95%CI |
P value |
Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
110 (46.4) |
57 (51.8) |
0.722 |
0.383 – 1.358 |
0.312 |
Yes |
127 (53.6) |
63 (49.6) |
Reference |
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
Primary or less |
151 (63.7) |
73 (48.3) |
0.574 |
0.296 – 1.112 |
0.100 |
More than primary |
86 (36.3) |
47 (54.7) |
Reference |
|
|
Reason for visit |
|
|
|
|
|
To get ARVs |
218 (92.0) |
106 (48.6) |
0.207 |
0.059 – 0.726 |
0.014** |
Other |
19 (8.0) |
14 (73.7) |
Reference |
|
|
Change of ART |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
75 (31.6) |
38 (50.7) |
1.157 |
0.581 – 2.304 |
0.678 |
Yes |
162 (68.4) |
82 (50.6) |
Reference |
|
|
Taking cotrimoxazole |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
41 (17.3) |
18 (43.9) |
0.476 |
0.207 – 1.092 |
0.080 |
Yes |
196 (82.7) |
102 (52.0) |
Reference |
|
|
Taking psychotropic medication |
|
|
|
|
|
No |
233 (98.3) |
119 (51.1) |
1.371 |
0.099 – 18.991 |
0.814 |
Yes |
4 (1.7) |
1 (25.0) |
Reference |
|
|
Table 4: Factors associated with Mood Disorders
Tables at a glance