Figure 1: Phytochemical compounds in Paeonia genus
Year |
Events |
Reference |
1753 |
The Paeonia genus was described for the first time and named one species Paeonia officinalis L., with two varieties, feminea and mascula |
[9] |
1794 |
The first tree peony plant was introduced and called Paeonia suffruticosa, from Guangzhou, China |
[10] |
1818 |
The first monograph on Paeonia was published, which included 13 species divided into two major species groups,fruticosa and herbaceae |
[11] |
1829 |
The first Paeonia species of the New World (North America) was recorded and named Paeonia brownii |
[12] |
1890 |
The Paeonia genus was reclassified into three subgenera, Moutan, Onaepia, and Paeonia |
[13] |
1943 |
The genus divided into three major groups: sect. Moutan, including all woody peonies; sect. Onaepia, including all herbaceous peonies in the New World; and sect. Paeon (=Paeonia), including all herbaceous peonies in the old World |
[3] |
1963 |
The intersectional hybrid peonies, so called Itoh hybrids, were bred using pollen of tree peony P. suffruticosa “Alice Harding” on the white, semi-double herbaceous peony “Kakoden” |
[14] |
1988 |
The chromosomal numbers of Paeonia spp. were calculated |
[15] |
1991 |
Propose to classify species and cultivars according to their morphological characteristics, flavone/flavanol patterns in the petals |
[16] |
1997 |
Propose to classify species and cultivars according to DNA analysis |
[17] |
Table 1: The history of Paeonia spp. identification and classification
species |
Locations |
References |
P. mascula |
Quercus forest, in Kurdistan province |
[32] |
P. tomentosa |
Drazno Mountain and Golestan forest, in Golestan province |
[32] |
Sangdeh forest, Chamestan, Siah Bisheh, Kelardasht and Ramsar, in Mazandaran province |
||
Manjil, Damash, Chaboksar and rodsar, in Gilan province |
||
Asalem to Khalkhal Road, in Ardabil province |
||
P. wittmanniana |
For identification, there has been a debate between plant taxonomists |
[26] |
P. wendelboi |
Khlkhal, Ardabil province |
[32] |
P. archibaldii |
Firouzkoh, Mazandaran province |
[31] |
Table 2: Locations of Paeonia genus in Iran
|
P. muscala |
P. tomentosa |
P. wittmanniana |
P. wendlboi |
P. archibaldii |
Inflore- scence |
solitary and terminal |
solitary and terminal |
solitary and terminal |
solitary and terminal |
solitary and terminal |
Sepals |
- Elliptic |
- Oblong and obtuse |
- Orbicular or ovate orbicular |
- Broad |
- Orbicular |
- Pale green to purplish |
- Pale green |
- Green but with purple peripheryor entirely purple |
- Pale green |
- Brownish green with red innervation and a wide reddish purple margin |
|
- Hairy or |
- Hairy on the outside |
|
- More or less hairy on outer side |
|
|
glabrous on the outside |
|
|
|
|
|
Petals |
- Elliptic |
- Elliptic |
- Elliptic |
- Elliptic to broadly ovate |
- Elliptic |
- Pink, red, or white |
- White |
- Pale Yellow to white |
- Pure yellow |
- Pure white |
|
Stamen |
- Purple filament |
- Yellow or violet filament |
- Yellowish white purple filament |
- Yellow filament |
- White filaments and staining pinkish at the base |
- Anthers are approximately 4.5 mm long |
- Anthers are approximately 4.5 mm long |
- Anthers are approximately 4.5 mm long |
- Anthers are approximately 4.5 mm long |
- Anthers are approximately 4.5 mm long |
|
Carpels |
- 2 carpels |
- 3-5 carpels |
- 1-5 carpels |
- 3-4 carpels |
- Glabrous |
- Densely hairy |
- Densely hairy and very rarely are glabrous |
- Glabrous |
- Densely hairy carpels |
||
|
|
|
|
||
Stems |
- 40-70 cm height |
- 20-50 cm height |
- 50-70 cm height |
- 20-40 cm height |
- Dwarf plant |
- Glabrous |
- Simple stems |
- Simple stems |
- Simple stems |
- Glabrous |
|
- Simple stems |
|
|
- Brownish violet to purple. |
- Simple stems |
|
- Oblong and purple |
|
|
|
- Green, but at the base with s ome reddish staining |
|
Leaves |
- Lower leaves biternate |
- Lower leaves biternate |
- Lower leaves biternate |
- Lower leaves biternate |
- At first purplish red gradually be dark green at end of vegetation |
- Upper leaves smaller and simple ternate |
- Upper leaves smaller,simply ternate or pinnate |
- Upper leaves smaller, simply ternate or pinnate |
- Upper leaves smaller and simply ternate |
- Lower leaves biternate |
|
- Hairy in lower surface of leaves |
- Ovate to elliptic shapes |
- Broad—obovate, oblong |
- More or less hairy only on the lowersurface of leafs |
- Distinctly glabrous throughout |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Refere- nces |
[32] |
[32] |
[35] |
[32] |
[31] |
Table 3: Some morphological traits of Paeonia genus characterized in Iran
Figure 1: Phytochemical compounds in Paeonia genus
Figure 2: Structure of Paeoniflorin compound
Figure 3: The biosynthetic route to the formation of paeoniflorin. G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; MVA, mevalonate; MEP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol4-phosphate; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; IDI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GPS, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase; GPP, geranyl diphosphate; PS, pinene synthase [20]
Figure 4: PoDPBT catalyses the benzoylation in the paeoniflorin biosynthesis [21]
Figure 5: Structure of paeonol compound
Figure 6: a: Paeonia mascula, subsp. Mascula [26], b: P. tomentosa [31], c: P. wittmanniana in some sources [26], d: P. wendelboi [26], e: P. archibaldii [31]
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance