Table 1

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Ashwagandha	Withania somnnieri	Solanceae	Reduces stress by lowering cortisol (HPA axis modulation).Enhances GABA activity – calming and anti-anxiety effects..	reduces stress and anxiety ,Enhances memory and cognition ,Protects brain cells , Supports mood and may reduce depression
Brahmi	Bacopa monnieri	Plantaginaceae	Antioxidant Neutralizes free radicals, protects neurons from oxidative stress.	Enhances memory and learning, Reduces anxiety and stress
Gotu kola	Centella asiatica	Apiaceae	Antioxidant action – Reduces oxidative stress and protects neurons.	enhances memory and cognitive function, reduces anxiety and stress
Lemon balm	Melissa officinalis	Lamiaceae (Mint family)	Antioxidant action – Protects neurons from oxidative damage.	Reduces stress, Improves sleep and treats insomnia
Tulsi	Ocium sanctum	Lamiaceae (Mint family)	Antioxidant action – Protects neurons from oxidative stress and free radical damage.	Reduces stress and anxiety, Improves memory and cognitive function

Table 1

Table 3

Herbal Plants	Biological Name	Family	MOA	Uses
Garlic	Allium sativum	Amaryllidaceae	Inhibits platelet aggregation,	Lowers Blood Pressure – Acts as a natural antihypertensive,
			Promotes vasodilation via increased nitric oxide	Reduces Cholesterol – Lowers total and LDL cholesterol.
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Inhibits platelet aggregation,	Antiplatelet Effect – Prevents blood clot formation,
			Reduces blood clot formation	Improves Circulation – Enhances blood flow.
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Anti-inflammatory: Inhibits NF-κB, reducing vascular inflammation.	Anti-inflammatory – Reduces vascular inflammation,
			Antioxidant: Scavenges free radicals, protecting blood vessels.	antioxidant – Protects heart cells from oxidative stress.

Table 2

Table 4

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Anti-nausea – Blocks serotonin receptors in the gut. Anti-inflammatory – Reduces gastrointestinal inflammation.	Reduces bloating and gas, Alleviates indigestion and heartburn, Calms stomach inflammation
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Antimicrobial – Fights harmful gut bacteria. Promotes healing – Supports repair of digestive tract lining.	Reats indigestion and bloating, Reduces gastric inflammation and ulcers

Fenugreek	Trigonella foenum- graecum	Fabaceae	Carminative – Reduces gas and bloating. Hypoglycemic – Slows carbohydrate absorption, aiding digestion.	Elieves constipation, Soothes gastric irritation, Reduces acid reflux and heartburn
Coriander	Coriandrum sativum	Aplaceae	Anti-inflammatory – Calms gut inflammation.	Relieves indigestion and bloating, Reduces intestinal cramps, Acts as a carminative to prevent gas
			Antimicrobial – Fights harmful gut bacteria.
Aloe Vera	Aloe barbadensis miller	Asphodellaceae	Demulcent – Protects and heals mucous membranes.	Treats constipation, Soothes gastritis and ulcers. Reduces inflammation in gut
			Antimicrobial – Inhibits harmful gut bacteria.

Table 3

Table 5

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Tulsi	Ocium sanctum	Lamiaceae	Antimicrobial – Fights respiratory pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi), Immunomodulatory – Enhances immune response against infections.	Acts as an expectorant, Fights respiratory infections
Vasaka	Adhatoda vasica	Acanthaceae	Mucolytic – Breaks down thick mucus for easier clearance, Anti-inflammatory – Reduces airway inflammation.	Acts as an expectorant
				,Clears mucus from lungs
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Anti-inflammatory – Reduces airway inflammation, Antioxidant – Protects lung tissue from oxidative stress.	Relieves cough and cold,
				Loosens mucus
Turmeric	Curcuma langa	Zingiberaceae	Antioxidant – Neutralizes free radicals, protects lung tissue, Antimicrobial – Fights respiratory pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi).	Eases asthma and bronchitis
				Helps clear mucus
Clove	Syzygium aromaticum	Myrtaceae	Antitussive – Suppresses cough reflex, Expectorant – Aids in loosening and expelling mucus.	Relieves cough and sore throat
				Acts as an expectorant

Table 4

Table 6

Herbal plants	Biological name	family	MOA	Uses
Ashwagandha	Withania samnifera	Solanceae	Supports adrenal glands – Helps combat adrenal fatigue. Improves insulin sensitivity – Aids in blood sugar regulation.	Reduces cortisol – Manages stress and anxiety.
				Supports thyroid function – Helps in hypothyroidism.
Fenugreek	Trigonella foenum-graecum	Fabaceae	Increases insulin secretion – Stimulates pancreatic beta cells.	Boosts testosterone – Enhances male hormone levels, Supports lactation – Acts as a natural galactagogue, Regulates appetite – Influences metabolic hormones.
			Improves insulin sensitivity – Enhances glucose uptake in tissues.
Shatavari	Asparagus racemosus	Asparagaceae	Modulates cortisol – Reduces stress hormone levels. Enhances prolactin secretion – Promotes lactation.	Supports lactation – Acts as a natural galactagogue, Regulates menstrual cycle – Helps in PMS and irregular periods.
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Regulates cortisol – Modulates stress response via HPA axis. Supports thyroid function – May protect thyroid cells from oxidative stress.	Improves insulin sensitivity – Helps in diabetes management, Reduces .
Neem	Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Regulates thyroid hormones – May suppress T3/T4 levels (anti-thyroid effect). Reduces cortisol – Shows adaptogenic effects, modulating stress hormones.	Lowers blood sugar – Helps manage diabetes.
				Modulates thyroid function – May reduce overactive thyroid activity.

Table 5

Table 7

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Coriander	Coriandrum sativum	Apiaceae	Spasmolytic effect – Relieves bladder and ureter spasms.	Relieves bladder spasms – Provides spasmolytic effects, Supports kidney detoxification – Aids in toxin elimination.
			Supports kidney detoxification – Promotes elimination of toxins.
Tulsi	Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Diuretic effect – Increases urine production to aid flushing. Antimicrobial properties – Fights urinary tract infections.	Protects kidneys – Provides antioxidant support, Relieves urinary spasms – Acts as a spasmolytic.

Amla	Emblica officinals	Phyllanthaceae	Supports kidney function – Improves filtration and detoxification.	Protects kidneys – Provides antioxidant support, Supports detoxification – Enhances kidney function
			Antimicrobial effects – Helps prevent urinary infections.
Neem	Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Diuretic property – Increases urine flow to flush out toxins, Antioxidant activity – Protects kidney cells from oxidative damage.	Promotes urine flow – Acts as a mild diuretic ,Protects kidneys – Antioxidant properties, Relieves urinary spasms – Spasmolytic action.
			Spasmolytic effect – Relieves urinary tract spasms.
Jeera	Cuminum cyminum	Apiaceae	Anti-inflammatory action – Reduces urinary tract inflammation. Spasmolytic effect – Relaxes urinary tract muscles.	Increases urine output – Natural diuretic, Prevents urinary infections – Antimicrobial properties.

Table 6

Table 8

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Tulsi	Ocium sanctum	Lamiaceae (Mint family)	Antioxidant effect – Protects immune cells from oxidative stress.	Boosts immunity – Enhances overall immune response.
			Activates natural killer (NK) cells Improves pathogen clearance.	Fights infections – Antimicrobial against bacteria, viruses.
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Modulates immune cell activity – Regulates T cells, B cells, and macrophages.	Fights infections – Antimicrobial and antiviral effects.
			Antioxidant action – Protects immune cells from oxidative damage.	Protects immune cells – Antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.
Amla	Phyllanthus emblica	Phyllanthaceae	Enhances antibody production – Boosts humoral immunity.	Enhances antibody production – Improves humoral immunity.
			Stimulates macrophage activity – Improves pathogen clearance.	Reduces inflammation – Controls immune-related inflammation.
Ashwagandha	Withania somnifera	Solanaceae	Boosts natural killer (NK) cell activity – Improves pathogen defense.	2. Reduces stress-induced immune suppression – Lowers cortisol levels. Modulates inflammation – Balances cytokine production.
			Antioxidant effects – Protects immune cells from oxidative damage.
Neem	Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Stimulates antibody synthesis – Boosts humoral immunity.	Supports detoxification – Helps clear immune system toxins. Protects immune cells – Provides antioxidant.
			Antimicrobial action – Directly inhibits pathogens.

Table 7

Table 9

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Ashwagandha	Withania somnifera	Solanaceae	Anabolic effect – Promotes muscle growth and strength, Adaptogenic – Reduces stress-related muscle fatigue.	Supports joint health, Aids in recovery from muscle injury, Relieves muscle and joint pain

Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Analgesic – Reduces joint and muscle pain. Antioxidant – Prevents oxidative damage to muscles and joints.	Relieves arthritis pain, Protects bones and cartilage, Aids in muscle recovery, Improves joint mobility
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Analgesic – Reduces muscle and joint pain.	Reduces muscle and joint inflammation, Relieves arthritis and rheumatic pain, Eases muscle soreness
			Antioxidant – Protects muscles and joints from oxidative damage
Nirgundi	Vitex negunda	Lamiaceae	Analgesic – Reduces pain in joints and muscles. Muscle relaxant – Eases muscle spasms and stiffness.	Improves joint mobility, Acts as a natural analgesic
Fenugreek	Trigonella foenum-graecum	Fabaceae	Analgesic effect – Reduces pain in joints and muscles. Bone support – Enhances calcium retention and bone strength.	Reduces joint inflammation, Relieves arthritis pain

Table 8

Table 10

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Ashwagandha	Withania somnifera	Solanaceae	Enhances sperm quality – Improves sperm count and motility, Supports fertility – Promotes reproductive health and function.	Reduces stress-related infertility, Boosts testosterone levels, Improves sperm count and motility
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Antioxidant – Protects reproductive cells from oxidative damage. Hormonal balance – Supports regulation of sex hormones.	Enhances fertility, Reduces inflammation in reproductive organs, Improves blood circulation to reproductive tissues
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Antimicrobial – Fights infections in reproductive organs. Enhances fertility – Improves sperm quality and ovulation.	Reduces reproductive inflammation, Supports hormonal balance, Enhances fertility and ovulation
Amla	Phyllanthus emblica	Phyllanthaceae	Improves fertility – Enhances sperm quality and ovulation. Supports tissue repair – Aids in reproductive organ health.	Enhances fertility, Balances reproductive hormones, Protects sperm and egg cells from oxidative damage
Tulsi	Ocium sanctum	Lamiaceae (Mint family)	Antioxidant – Protects reproductive cells from oxidative damage. Hormonal regulation – Supports normal hormone levels.	Reduces stress-related infertility, Supports hormonal balance, Enhances sperm quality and count

Table 9

Table 11

Herbal plants	Biological name	Family	MOA	Uses
Aloe Vera	Aloe barbadensis miller	Asphodellaceae	Moisturizing – Retains skin moisture. Antimicrobial – Fights bacteria and fungi. Antioxidant – Protects from oxidative stress.	Heals burns and wounds, Moisturizes dry skin, Reduces inflammation and redness
Neem	Azadirachta indica	Azadirachta indica	Wound healing – Promotes tissue repair. Antioxidant – Protects skin cells from damage.	Heals wounds and cuts, Reduces skin infections, Controls oily skin

Turmeric	Ocium sanctum	Curcuma longa	Wound healing – Promotes tissue repair. Antioxidant – Protects skin cells from damage.	Treats acne and skin infections, Promotes wound healing, Brightens and evens skin tone
Tulsi	Ocium sanctum	Lamiaceae	Wound healing – Promotes skin repair, Soothing – Relieves itching and irritation.	Treats acne and pimples, Reduces skin inflammation, Heals wounds and cuts
Amla	Phyllanthus emblica	Phyllanthaceae	Antioxidant – Protects skin from free radical damage. Anti-inflammatory – Reduces skin inflammation.	Promotes skin healing, Brightens and evens skin tone, Reduces skin inflammation

Table 10

Table 12

Area	Recent Advances	Future Prospects
System and network pharmacology	Herb-compound –target disease networks ; omics integration	Multi-omics synergy for deeper understanding of mechanism
Nanotechnology and delivery system	Nano-encapsulation ,liposomes, improved bioavailability and targeting	Precision ,system –specific delivery technologies
Phytomedicine and omics	Use of genomics , metabolomics, pharmacogenomics	More comprehensive profiling and tailored herbal therapeutics
Personalized herbal therapies	AI-driven models optimizing herbal formulation	Expansion of AI-based personalization across various disease
Neuro –phytoregulators	34000+ayurvedic compounds screened ;multi –target neuroprotective agents identified	Drug development for neurodegenerative
Regulation and quality control	Advancing quality control	Full healthcare integration with standardized safety and efficacy protocols
Sustainability and conservation	growing concern over overharvesting; cultivation and conservation strategies	Expansion of ethical sourcing and biodiversity protection

Summary Table

Tables at a glance

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Table 12

Figures at a glance

Comments

Figure 1

Comments

Figure 2

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2