Tables at a glance

Table 1

Figures at a glance

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Table 1

	Accumulated reduction (%)			Die key dimensions
	3-pass	4-pass	5-pass	Die key dimensions
Die 1	23	15	12	Entry angle (α): 8 degrees Exit angle (β): 8 degrees Landing length (s): 3.6 mm
Die 2	41	31	25
Die 3	62	46	37
Die 4	-	62	49
Die 5	-	-	62

Table 1: Die Dimensions

FIGURE 1

Figure 1: AA6111 sheet EBSD mapping, (a) AA6111 EBSD map; (b) selected sample for simulation, this selection area represents the sheet texture; (c) pole figure of the selected sample

FIGURE 2

Figure 2: The measured and simulated tensile stress-strain curves along the rolling direction (RD)

FIGURE 3

Figure 3: Schematics of strip ironing and its key dimensions, (a) longitudinal section of the sheet in strip ironing with three ironing dies; (b) key dimensions of ironing: a is die entry angle, ß is die exit angle, is landing lengh, is thickness before ironing, is thickness after ironing and is ironing velocity; (c) longitudinal section of the sheet

FIGURE 4

Figure 4: Schematic diagram of sub-modeling for ironing simulation, in the sub-model, the boundary conditions at edge a,b,c, d are driven by the displacement filed imported from the global model

FIGURE 5

Figure 5: Distribution of the predicted 1st principal strain

FIGURE 6

Figure 6: Predicted texture evolution after ironing ({1 1 1} pole figure plot)

FIGURE 7

Figure 7: Predicted misorientation in ironing, left-side figure presents misorientation angle on non-deformed sample and right-side figure presents misorientation on deformed sample

FIGURE 8

Figure 8: Predicted grain refinement against thickness reduction

FIGURE 9

Figure 9: Effect of step size on grain refinement

FIGURE 10

Figure 10: Effect of strain rate sensitivity on grain refinement

FIGURE 11

Figure 11: Effect of work hardening on grain refinement

FIGURE 12

Figure 12: Effect of coefficient of friction (COF) on grain refinement

FIGURE 13

Figure 13: Effect of coefficient of friction (COF) on shear strain

FIGURE 14

Figure 14: Effect of reduction and ironing pass on grain refinement