Characteristic	n (%) / Range
Total number of babies	40
Gestational age	28–35 weeks
Birth weight	1000–2500 g
Male/Female	23 / 17
Age at enrollment	3–14 days
Resuscitation at birth	26 (65%)
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)	23 (57.5%)
Surfactant therapy	20 (50%)
Mechanical ventilation	17 (42.5%)
CPAP support	23 (57.5%)
Congestive cardiac failure (CCF)	26 (65%)
Bounding peripheral pulses	37 (92.5%)

Table 1: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population

Echocardiographic findings	Number of babies (n=40)	(%)
Diameter of the ductus ≥ 1.5 mm	40	100%
Left atrium-to-aortic root ratio > 1.6	37	92.5%
Reversal of flow in the descending aorta	29	72.5%

Table 2: Echocardiographic Findings of Hemodynamically Significant PDA

Table 3: outcome after paracetamol treatment

Echocardiographic finding	Total number of babies (n = 40)	(%)
Ductal diameter
Closed	37	92.5%
Residual shunt 1–1.5 mm	2	5%
Persistent hsPDA (>1.5 mm)	1	2.5%
Left atrium-to-aortic root ratio < 1.6	39	97.5%
Reverse flow in the descending aorta	0	0%

Table 4: Post-intervention Echocardiographic Findings

Table 5: Laboratory Parameters Before and After Paracetamol Therapy (n = 40)

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5