1Al-Shammri S, Rawoot P, Azizieh F, AbuQoora A, Hanna M, et al. (2004) Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns and clinical profiles during and after pregnancy in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 222: 21-27.

2Annunziato F, and Maggi L (2017) Methods in Molecular Biology. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

3Apelgren LD, Bailey DL, Fouts RL, Short N, Evans GF, et al. (1996) The effect of a selective estrogen receptor modulator on the progression of spontaneous autoimmune disease in MRL lpr/lpr. mice. Cellular Immunology 173: 55-63.

4Baaten BJ, Li CR, Deiro MF, Lin MM, et al. (2010) CD44 regulates survival and memory development in Th1 cells. Immunity. Immunity 32: 104-115.

5Bagnoli F, Oliveira VM, Silva MA, Taromaru GC, et al. (1992) The interaction between aromatase, metalloproteinase 2,9 and CD44 in breast cancer. Rev Assoc Med Bras 56: 472-477.

6Bebo BF, Fyfe-Johnson A, Adlard K, Beam AG, et al. (2001) Low- dose estrogen therapy ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in two different inbred mouse strains. Journal of Immunology 166: 2080-2089.

7Benedek G, Zhang J, Nguyen H, Kent G, Seifert HA, et al. (2017) Estrogen protection against EAE modulate the microbiota and mucosal-associated regulatory cells. J Neuroimmunol 310: 51-59.

8Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, et al. (2006) Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 441: 235-238.

9Bitan M, Weiss L, Reibstein I, Zeira M, Fellig Y, Slavin S, et al. (2010) Heparanase upregulates Th2 cytokines, ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Mol Immunol 47: 1890- 1898.

10Bollyky PL, Falk BA, Long SA, Preisinger A, et al. (2009) CD44 costimulation promotes FoxP3+ regulatory T cell persistence and function via the production of IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-beta. Immunol 183: 2232– 2241.

11Bollyky PL, Lord JD, Masewicz SA, Evanko SP, et al. (2007) Cutting edge: high molecular weight hyaluronan promotes the suppressive effects of CD4 CD25 regulatory T cells. J Immunol 179: 744–747.

12Bourguignon LY, Gilad E, Rothman K, and Peyrollier K (2005) Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction with IQGAP1 promotes Cdc42 and ERK signaling, leading to actin binding, Elk- 1/estrogen receptor transcriptional activation, and ovarian cancer progression. J Biol Chem 280: 11961-11972.

13Chitrala KN, Guan H, Singh NP, Busbee B, Gandy A, et al. (2017) CD44 deletion leading to attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis results from alterations in gut microbiome in mice. Eur J Immunol 47: 1188-1199.

14Elloso MM, Phiel K, Henderson RA, Harris HA, and Adelman SJ (2005) Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using estrogen receptor-selective ligands. J Endocrinol 185: 243-252.

15Esparza J, Kruse M, Lee J, Michaud M, and Madri JA (2004) MMP-2 null mice exhibit an early onset and severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis due to an increase in MMP-9 expression and activity. FASEB J 18: 1682-1691.

16Fang YJ, Zhang L, Wu XJ, Lu ZH, Li JB, Ou QJ, et al. (2012) Impact of ERβ and CD44 expression on the prognosis of patients with stage II colon cancer. Tumour Biol 33: 1907-1914.

17Figueiredo AS, and Schumacher A (2016) The T helper type 17/regulatory T cell paradigm in pregnancy. Immunology 148: 13-21.

18Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, Preziosa P, Solari A, et al. (2018) Multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4: 43.

19Firan M, Dhillon S, Estess P, and Siegelman MH (2006) Suppressor activity and potency among regulatory T cells are discriminated by functionally active CD44. BLOOD 107: 619– 627.

20Flynn K, Michaud M, Canosa S, and Madri JA (2013) CD44 Regulates Vascular Endothelial Barrier Integrity via a PECAM-1 Dependent Mechanism. Angiogenesis 16: 689-705.

21Flynn K, Michaud M, and Madri JA (2013) CD44 Deficiency Contributes to Enhanced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A Role in Immune Cells and Vascular Cells of the Blood Brain Barrier. Amer J Pathol 182: 1322-1336.

22Fuentes N, Silveyra P (2019) Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 116: 135-170.

23Glatigny S, and Bettelli E (2018) Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8.

24Gonzalez GA, Hofer MP, Syed YA, Amaral AI, et al. (2016) Tamoxifen accelerates the repair of demyelinated lesions in the central nervous system. Sci Rep 6: 31599.

25Guan H, Nagarkatti PS, and Nagarkatti M (2011) CD44 Reciprocally regulates the differentiation of encephalitogenic Th1/ Th17 and Th2/regulatory T cells through epigenetic modulation involving DNA methylation of cytokine gene promoters, thereby controlling the development of experimental autoimmune en- cephalomyelitis. J Immunol 186.

26Guan H, Nagarkatti PS, and Nagarkatti M (2009) Role of CD44 in the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells: CD44-defi-ciency enhances the development of Th2 effectors in response to sheep RBC and chicken ovalbumin. J Immunol 183: 172-180.

27Haghmorad D, Amini AA, Mahmoud iMB, et al. (2014) Pregnancy level of estrogen attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in both ovariectomized and pregnant C57BL/6 mice through the expansion of Treg and Th2 cells. J Neuroimmunol 277: 85-95.

28Hofstetter H, Gold R, and Hartung HP (2009) Th17 cells in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int MS J 16: 12-18.

29Ibrahim EM, Stewart RL, Corke K, et al. (2006) Upregulation of CD44 expression by interleukins [1, 4, and 13] transforming growth factor-beta1, estrogen, and progestogen in human cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines. Int J Gynecol Cancer 16: 1631- 1642.

30Javadian A, Salehi E, Bidad K, Sahraian MA, and Izad M (2014) Effect of estrogen on Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines production by proteolipid protein and PHA activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients. Arch Med Res 45: 177- 182.

31Katoh S, Kaminuma O, Hiroi T, Mori A, Ohtomo T, et al. (2011) CD44 is critical for airway accumulation of antigenspecific Th2, but not Th1, cells induced by antigen challenge in mice. European Journal of Immunology 41: 3198-3320.

32Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, et al. (2007) Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med 13: 1173-1175.

33Liu T, Soong L, Liu G, König R, and Chopra AK (2009) CD44 expression positively correlates with Foxp3 expression and suppressive function of CD4+ Treg cells. Biol Direct 4: 40.

34Macdonald DC, Leir SH, Brooks C, et al. (2003) CD44 isoform expression on colonic epithelium mediates lamina propria lymphocyte adhesion and is controlled by Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: 1101-1110.

35Mills EA, Ogrodnik MA, Plave A, and Mao-Draayer Y (2018) Emerging Understanding of the Mechanism of Action for Dimethyl Fumarate in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 9: 5.

36Morales LB, Loo KK, Liu HB, Peterson C, et al. (2006) Treatment with an estrogen receptor alpha ligand is neuroprotective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 26: 6823-6683.

37Nilsson ME, Vandenput L, Tivesten Å, Norlén AK, et al. (2015) Measurement of a Comprehensive Sex Steroid Profile in Rodent Serum by High-Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Endocrinology 156: 2492-2502.

38Nishimura T, Katoh S, Mori A, Ohtomo T, et al. Critical role of CD44 in antigen-induced Th2- but not Th17-mediated murine airway inflammation. Allergol Int 65: S59-61.

39Papenfuss TL, Rogers CJ, Gienapp I, et al. (2004) Sex differences in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in multiple murine strains. J Neuroimmunol 150: 59-69.

40Polanczyk MJ, Hopke C, Huan J, Vandenbark AA, and Offner H (2005) Enhanced FoxP3 expression and Treg cell function in pregnant and estrogen-treated mice. J Neuroimmunol 170: 85- 92.

41Ponta H, Sgerman L, and Herrlich PA (2003) From adhesion molecules to signaling regulators. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4: 33-45.

42Reddy J, Waldner H, Zhang X, Illes Z, et al. (2005) Cutting edge: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells contribute to gender differences in susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 175: 5591-5595.

43Seifert HA, Benedek G, Nguyen H, Kent G, et al. (2017) Estrogen protects both sexes against EAE by promoting common regulatory cell subtypes independent of endogenous estrogen. Metab Brain Dis 32: 1747-1754.

44Sekiya T, and Yoshimura A (2016) In Vitro Th Differentiation Protocol. Methods Mol Biol183-191.

45Shi J, Chen Y, Chen W, Tang C, Zhang H, et al. (2018) Isobavachalcone sensitizes cells to E2-induced paclitaxel resistance by down-regulating CD44expression in ER+ breast cancer cell. J Cell Mol Med 22: 5220-5230.

46Sinha S, Kaler LJ, Proctor TM, et al. (2008) IL-13- mediated gender difference in susceptibility to autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 180: 2679-2685.

47Tiwari-Woodruff S, and Voskuhi RR (2009) Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of estrogen receptor ligand treatment in mice. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 286: 81- 85.

48Tsuneki M, and Madri JA (2014) Adhesion Molecule- Mediated Hippo Pathway Modulates Hemangioendothelioma Cell Behavior. Mol Cell Biol 34: 4485-4499.

49Tsuneki M, and Madri JA (2015) CD44 influences fibroblast behaviors via modulation of cell- cell and cell-matrix interactions, affecting Survivin and Hippo pathways. Journal of Cellular Physiology 231: 731-743.

50Tsuneki M, and Madri JA (2014) CD44 regulation of endotheand VE-cadherin expression. J Biol Chem: 5357-5370.

51Valéra MC, Fontaine C, Dupuis M, et al. (2018) Towards optimization of estrogen receptor modulation in medicine. Pharmacol Ther 189:123-129

52Weber JD, Smith E, Berry-Kravis E, et al. (2019) Voice of People with Fragile X Syndrome and Their Families: Reports from a Survey on Treatment Priorities. Brain Sci 92: pii: E18.

53Wittig BM, Johansson B, Zöller M, Schwärzler C, et al. (2000) Abrogation of experimental colitis correlates with increased apoptosis in mice deficient for CD44variant exon 7 (CD44v7). J Exp Med 191: 2053-2064.

54Wittig BM, Stallmach A, Zeitz M, and Günthert U (2003) Functional involvement of CD44 variant 7 in gut immune response. Pathobiology 70: 184-189.

55Wu Q, Wang Q, Mao G, Dowling CA, et al. (2017) Dimethyl Fumarate Selectively Reduces Memory T Cells and Shifts the Balance between Th1/Th17 and Th2 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Immunol 198: 3069-3080.

56Xue L, Liang H, and Jiang X (2011) Up-regulation of CD44 expression by interleukin-13 in a murine model of asthma. Mol Med Rep 4: 1233-1237.

57Yakubenko VP, Lobb RR, Plow EF, and Ugarova TP (2000) Differential induction of gelatinase B (MMP-9) and gelatinase A (MMP-2) in T lymphocytes upon alpha (4) beta (1)-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1 and the CS-1 peptide of fibronectin. Exp Cell Res 260: 73-84.

58Yang M, Liu Y, Ren G, Shao Q, Gao W, et al. (2015) Increased expression of surface CD44 in hypoxia-DCs skews helper T cells toward a Th2 polarization. Sci Rep 5: 13674.