Figure 1 (a) A hip replacement prosthesis, and (b) A knee replacement prosthesis. UHMWPE refers to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene[13].
Figure 1 (a) A hip replacement prosthesis, and (b) A knee replacement prosthesis. UHMWPE refers to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene[13].
Figure 2 (a) Radiograph image on a patient shows the signs of loosening and fracturing of femoral component of implant: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS)type III femoral defect [20]. (b) Radiograph of a hip spacer of a 63year old man with late periprosthetic infection of the left hip[21].
Figure 3 Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) (B) delivery systems showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs[24].
Figure 4 Titanium dioxide nanotubes prepared by Pt electrode (a)–(f). In general, titania nanotubes have lengths between 7 and 10µm andinner diameters ranging from 60 to 130 nm. (a) and (b) are amorphous, (c) and (d) are crystalline, (e) is as-synthesized and (f) is annealedTNT[25].
Figure 5 Graphical illustration showing the process of TiO2nanotube layer formation on Ti substrate and its effect on cell uptake and adhesion[26].
Figure 6 Schematic of the drug loading and release process of CNT nanoreservoirs. A) Drug solution is filled into the interior of acid treated CNTs through sonication; B) Pyrrole is added to the suspension containing CNTs and Dex and electropolymerization is carried out; C) Drug is released from CNT nanoreservoirs to surroundings through diffusion or electric stimulation[ 27].
Figure 7SEM images of HA–CNTs coating on Ti alloy wire with different deposition times (a) 1 min, (b) 2 min, and (c) 3 min[28].
Figure 8The SEM images after culturing and adhering osteoblasts on three different Ti substrate surfaces for 2 h. (A) Smooth interface. (B) Micro-treated interface. (C) Hierarchical micro/nano interface. (D) Local amplification of single osteoblast's adhesion on micro/nano interface[31].
Figure 9 Scanning electron microscopyimages of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus on the MWNTs and MWNT-cephalexin upon 3-hour exposure[36].
Figure 10Fluorescent micrographs of decreased S. aureus colonies on (b) nanorough Ti compared to all other substrates and increased bacteria colonies on the (c) nanotextured and (d) nanotubular Ti compared to (a) conventional Ti after 1 hour. These micrographs were representative of S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa[37].
Figure 11A schematic drawing showing the various mechanisms of antibacterial activities exerted by silver nanoparticles[43].
Figure 12 Chemical structure of chitosan showing the protonable groups that enables its unique chemical reactivity[42].
Figure 13Schematic showing different cytotoxicity mechanisms for CNTs[51].