Figure 1: Photograph of Reboiler
|
pristine |
After bleaching and micro fibrillation |
Constituent |
% |
% |
Extractives |
22.2 ± 0.3 |
1.64 ± 0.06 |
Klason Lignin |
9.6 ± 0.1 |
3.0 ± 0.0 |
Soluble Lignin |
1.8 ± 0.1 |
2.5± 0.1 |
Ash content |
6.4 ± 0.1 |
2.4± 0.2 |
Hollocellulose* |
60.0 |
90.5 |
Table 1: Composition of the Sheath of Heart-of-Peach Palm residue before and after bleaching using total acid hydrolysis
|
Pristine |
After bleaching and fibrillation |
|
Constituent |
% |
% |
|
Moisture |
84.9 ± 0.9 |
97.62 ± 0.03 |
|
Total Fibers |
72.0 ± 0.1 |
75.1 ± 0.1 |
|
Total Nitrogen |
3.4 ± 0.1 |
1.6 ± 0.1 |
|
Lipids |
N.D. |
N.D. |
|
Monomeric sugars |
- |
N.D. |
|
Table 2: Composition of the Sheath of Heart-of-Peach Palm before and after the bleaching and producing nanofibrils using enzymes digestion and Kjeldahl distillation
|
Pristine |
|
Bleached + Micro |
|
Sugars after total acid hydrolysis |
Average (mg/g) ± SD (CV (%)) |
Relative enrichment |
Average (mg/g) ± SD (CV (%)) |
Relative enrichment |
Arabinose |
31.0 ± 0.8 (2.7) |
5.0 |
22.3 ± 0.5 (2.2) |
4.0 |
Galactose |
37.0 ± 1.3 (3.4) |
6.0 |
30.1 ± 0.7 (2.4) |
5.5 |
Glucose |
335.5 ± 1.3 (0.4) |
54.5 |
363.0 ± 1.3 (0.4) |
65.9 |
Xylose |
202.8 ± 2.3 (1.2) |
33.0 |
128.4 ± 0.4 (0.3) |
23.3 |
Mannose |
9.1 ± 0.5 (5.8) |
1.5 |
7.0 ± 0.9 (12.2) |
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total (%) |
61.4 |
100 |
55.1 |
100 |
Table 3: Average of the sugar contents (with standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV (%)) of the hydrolysate after total acid hydrolysis of the biomass before and after bleaching and micro fibrillation
Figure 1: Photograph of Reboiler
Figure 2: Photograph of Artemia salina used for Toxicity Tests
Figure 3: Photographs of Nanofibrils of Peach Palm: (a) - suspension gel; (b) - SEM Photograph; (c) - TEM micrograph
Figure 4: Plots of Artemia salina mortality (in %) Vs. Concentrations of gel with nanofibrils in the saline solution showing toxicity of nanofibrils after 24, 48 and 72 h. The continuous lines are just for guidance. The standard deviations are shown for each measurement
Tables at a glance
Figures at a glance