Table 1

Age (years)	Classes		Total
	Class One	Class Six
	No. (%)	No. (%)	No. (%)
0 - 5	123 (11.1)	0 (0)	123 (5.5)
6 - 10	966 (87)	122 (11)	1088 (48.9)
11 - 15	21 (2.1)	983 (88.2)	1004 (45.1)
16 - 20	0(0)	9 (0.8)	9 (0.4)
Age range (years)	5-13	10-16
Mean Age (years)	6.9	12
Sex
Male	554 (49.9)	566 (50.8)	1120 (50.3)
Females	556 (50.1)	548 (49.2)	1104 (49.7)
Total	1110 (100)	1114 (100)	2224 (100)

Table 1: Age and sex distribution of the surveyed students

Table 2

Category	Classes
	Class OneNo. (%)	Class SixNo. (%)	TotalNo. (%)
Mean Ages (in years)	6.9	12		Causes
Vision Category
Normal	1106 (99.6)	1102 (98.9)	2208 (99.2)
Mild VI	0 (0)	4 (0.4)	4 (0.2)	Refractive error, Unidentified
Moderate VI	2 (0.2))	7 (0.6)	9 (0.4)	Refractive error, Corneal scar, Microphthalmos, Squint, Cataract, Unidentified
Severe VI	2 (0.2)	0 (0)	2 (0.09)	Cataract
Blindness	0 (0)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.04)	Nystagmus
Total	1110 (100)	1114 (100)	2224 (100)
Refractive error category				P value
(A). Emmetropia(SE -0.50 to +0.50D)	748 (67.5)	718 (64.6)	1466 (66)	0.15
( B) Hypermetropia (SE>=+2.00D)	12 (1.1)	22 (2.0)	34 (1.5)	0.08
(C ) Myopia(SE< -0.5D)	121 (10.9)	223 (20.1)	344 (15.5)	< 0.001
(D) High Myopia (SE< -5D)	1 (0.1)	2 (0.2)	3 (0.1)	0.57
(E) AstigmatismCylinder >+1D	88 (7.9)	123 (11.1)	211 (9.5)	0.01
(F) Anisometropia(SE >= +1.0D between the eyes)	15 (1.4)	25 (2.3)	40 (1.8)	0.11
(G) Any refractive error(Hypermetropia (B) + Myopia (C ))	133 (12.0)	245 (22.0)	378 (17.0)	0.62
Total	1108 (100)	1111 (100)	2219* (100)

Table 2: Prevalence of blindness, vision impairment and refractive error by class category

*5 students had no refractive records

Table 3

Variables	Myopia			Hypermetropia			Astigmatism
	OR	95%CI	P	OR	95%CI	P	OR	95%CI	P
Age (year)
0 - 5	0.47	[0.24 – 0.90]	0.02	0.24	[0.02 to 3.96]	0.156	0.39	[0.16 – 0.97]	0.036
6 - 10	0.62	[0.49 – 0.79]	<0.001	0.64	[0.32 to 1.28]	0.206	0.82	[0.62 – 1.09]	0.175
11 - 15	1.82	[1.44 – 2.29]	<0.001	1.99	[0.99 to 3.99]	0.049	1.39	[1.05 – 1.85]	0.021
16 - 20	0.67	[0.09 – 4.80]	0.71	3.32	[0.22 to 50.34]	0.708	1.19	[0.17 – 8.49]	0.870
Gender
Male	1.34	[1.04 -1.64]	0.024	1.11	[0.56 to 2.19]	0.760	0.92	[069 – 1.22]	0.54
Female	0.77	[0.61 – 0.97]	“ “	0.90	[0.46 to 1.77]	“ “	1.09	[0.82 – 1.45]	“ “
Class
Class one	0.49	[0.38 – 0.62]	<0.001	0.54	[0.27 to 1.10]	0.085	0.69	[0.52 – 0.92]	0.012
Class six	2.05	[1.62 – 2.60]	“ “	1.85	[0.91 to 3.75]	“ “	1.44	[1.08 – 1.92]	“ “

Table 3: Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism

Table 4

Variables	Met need	Undermet need	Unmet need	eREC
Class Six
eREC* person	1	0	2	33.3%
eREC eyes	2	0	7	22.2%
e-CREC**	1	0	9	10%
Class One
eREC person	0	0	0	0%
eREC eyes	0	0	1	0%
e-CREC**	0	0	2	0%
	No. needing glasses	Total No. of students	% in need of glasses	No. of students that may need glasses
Class Six: Effective glasses need	10	1114	0.9%	375
Class One: Effective glasses need	2	1110	0.2%	83

Table 4: Effective refractive error coverage (persons/eyes), effective clinical refractive error coverage and effective glasses need by students’ classes

*eREC= Effective Refractive error coverage

**e-CREC = Effective clinical refractive error coverage

Tables at a glance

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Figures at a glance

Figure 1

FIGURE 1

Figure 1: Spherical equivalent of Right and Left eyes