Animal model

Source of cells

Experiment

Chondrogenic disease model

Results

Ref.

Rabbit

Rabbit Chondrocytes

Autologous or allogenic chondrocytes transplantation

Articular regeneration

Transplantation generated hyalin/mixed hyaline cartilage.

Boopalan et al.
2019

Human chondrocytes

Used scaffolds to promote articular cartilage repair.

Osteochondral regeneration

Need higher doses of immunosuppressor to avoid rejection of the transplant.

Takahashi, et al. 2018

UCB-MSCs
and chondrocytes

UCB chondrocytes seeded on a scaffold.

Osteochondral regeneration

UCB-seeded chondrocytes promote bone and cartilage regeneration.

Zheng et al.
2019

Mesenchymal stem cells

Allogenic MSC and growth factors IGF-1 or TGF-b

Osteochondral regeneration

Increased osteochondral healing.

Gugjoo, M. B.
et al, 2020

Mouse

Skeletal stem cells

Cartilage induction by BMP2 and VEGFR1 using microfracture in knee joints.

Osteoarthritis

They promote expression of cartilage markers in vitro and in vivo.

Murphy, M.P. et al. 2020

hMSC

Use hydrogel- based and anti- miRNA-221in osteochondral biopsies.

Osteochondral regeneration

Increased chondrogenesis in the injury site.

Lolli, A. et al.
2019

MSC

Used small molecules, Kartogenin and 4- ABP to increase chondrogenic differentiation.

Osteoarthritis

4-ABP induces more cartilage, induces proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of MSC than Kartogenin.

Zhang, S. et al.
2019

Exosomes secreted by MSC

Injection of BMSC-derived exosome in cartilage damage

Osteoarthritis

Exosome treatment can promote cartilage repair as well as alleviate pain the OA rats

Lei He, et al.
2020

Bovine

MSC

Puncture technique in the lateral femoral condyle and injection of MSC

Knee cartilage defects

Human adipose MSC were more effective in repairing cartilage than pig umbilical cord derived MSCs.

Shengu-Chuan Lin, et al. 2023