Tables at a glance

Table 1

Table 2

Figures at a glance

Comments

Figure 1

Table 1

MSCs functionality	Therapeutic outcome
Immunomodulatory	Reduce tissue inflammation during Crohn’s disease [8-12]<br> Resolving acute steroid-refractory graft vs. host disease [13,14].<br> Effective therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis patients [15-17].
Angiogenic/vascular regeneration	Vascular regeneration in ischemic murine skin [18,19].<br> Angiogenesis in myocardial infarction [20,21].
Anti-cancer drug delivery agent	Deliver chemotherapeutic agent Docetaxel (DTX) to lung tumors [22], Doxorubicin (DOX) to Colorectal cancer [23], Gemcitabine to pancreatic cancer [24]
Tissue healing	MSCs multipotent differentiation capacity facilitates regeneration of ovary in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced ovarian failure [25] Regeneration of skin in mouse and human chronic wound [26]

Table 1: MSCs' role in regenerative mediciney

Table 2

Therapeutic area	Administration route	MSCs source	Dose	Model system	Results obtained & limits emerged if any
Rheumatoid arthritis	Intraperitoneal	Human adipose-derived MSCs	106 MSCs each day along 5 days	Mouse preclinical animal model [59]	Reduce self-reactive T effector responses and induce Treg cells proliferation.
Autoimmune type 1 diabetes	Tail vein	Murine bone marrow-derived MSCs	5 × 105 MSCs once a week for 4 weeks	Mouse preclinical animal model [60]	Reduce self-reactive T effector responses and induce Treg cells proliferation
Myocardial infarction	Monolayered MSCs transplantation	Rat adipose-derived MSCs	9.4 ± 0.6 × 105 monolayered MSCs transplanted with dermal fibroblasts	Rat preclinical animal model [61]	Reversed wall thinning in the scar area and improved cardiac function in rats with myocardial infarction.
Acute lung injury	Tail vein	Murine bone marrow-derived MSCs	2 x 106 MSCs for a week	Mouse preclinical animal model [62]	Inhibition of Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation
GVHD	Systemic infusion	Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs	2 x 106; 8 x 106 hMSCs/kg	Phase II clinical trial [63]	MSCs treated group showed lesser GVHD response without infusional toxicities or ectopic tissue formations
Myocardial infarction	Systemic infusion	Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs	0.5 x 106; 1.6 x 106; 5.0 x 106 hMSCs/kg	Phase I clinical trial [64]	MSCs transplanted patient group showed enhanced lung function.
Liver cirrhosis	Systemic infusion	Autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs	4.0 x 107 (total hMSCs per time injection)	Phase I–II clinical trial [65]	MELD score, prothrombin complex, and serum creatinine level lessened; serum albumin level improved. Limitation of the study: MSCs could not be traced after transplantation.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	Combined intramuscular and intrathecal route of delivery	Autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs	1 × 106 cells/kg intrathecal and 24 × 106 cells intramuscular; 1.5 × 106 cells/kg intrathecal and 36 × 106 cells intramuscular; and 2 × 106 cells/kg intrathecal and 48 × 106 cells intramuscular	Phase II clinical trial [66]	Slow up disease progression rate. Limitation of the study: size of study group is low.

Table 2: The characteristics of most of the stem cells used in the treatment of infertility

FIGURE 1

Figure 1: MSCs therapeutic efficiency depends upon donor source (1) and stromal tissue source variability (2), and Cell manufacturing process (3). Immune matching, metabolic fitness and route of delivery regulate MSCs persistence inside recipient (5). Before in vivo administration, chemical licensing/ genetic modification (4) is the key strategy to improve graft cell survival (5b)