Graph 1. Unsafe sex (Data expressed in percentages).

Drunk = Heavy drinking at least once in the last month.
Alcohol = Drinking 5 or more alcoholic beverages per session at least once per week.
Unsafe sex = Engaging in sexual relations with occasional partners without using male condoms. Source: Health and Sexual Habits Survey, 2003.

 

 

Men

 

Women

 

(N. observations = 2720)

(N. observations = 3300)

 

 

 

Explanatory variables

Unprotected sex with

Unprotected sex with

 

occasional partners

occasional partners

 

 

 

 

 

 

No

Yes

No

Yes

 

91.8%

8.2%

97.3%

2.7%

Sexual Orientation

 

 

 

 

Heterosexual

97.4*

92.8

98.2

94.6

Homosexual/Bisexual

2.6*

7.1

1.8

5.4

Alcohol Consumption

 

 

 

 

None

12.7*

8.3

32.6*

16.0

1-2 drinks consumed per session

59.7*

45.6

57.9*

59.3

3-4 drinks consumed per session

19.8*

25.3

8.0*

20.0

5 or more drinks consumed per session

7.8*

20.8

1.5*

4.7

Alcohol Weekly

69.2*

78.7

38.5*

60.0

Drinks Weekly (0:None-3:Drinks5-MoreSession)

1.0*

1.4

0.5*

0.8

Sociodemographic characteristics

 

 

 

 

Age18-29

39.3*

49.3

35.9*

49.0

Age30-39

32.2

32.2

33.3*

27.7

Age40-49

28.4*

18.5

30.8*

23.2

Immigrant

6.3*

11.7

7.5*

11.6

Spaniard

93.7*

88.3

92.5*

88.4

Married

47.3*

20.0

54.5*

31.0

Single

50.0*

73.4

39.8*

54.2

Divorced/Separated

2.4*

5.4

4.6*

14.8

Widow

0.3*

1.2

1.1*

0.0

Live with partner

55.2*

30.5

61.5*

38.7

Live with parents

38.5*

50.0

33.9*

38.1

Live with children

30.6*

16.3

46.1*

35.5

Live with friends

4.0*

7.8

2.8*

8.4

Primary Education

23.8*

26.6

24.1*

21.9

Secondary Education

35.7*

32.4

31.4*

33.5

Professional Training

22.3

22.0

20.5*

26.5

University

18.2

19.1

24.0*

18.1

Employed

81.3*

79.0

60.7*

67.7

Unemployed

5.1*

7.2

10.9*

9.0

Student

11.2*

11.4

11.2*

10.3

Housewife/house-husband

0.1*

0.2

15.4*

12.3

Religious attitudes

 

 

 

 

Religion1: Religious services at least once a week

13.9*

10.1

18.9*

20.0

Religion2: No religious services or less than once a

86.1*

89.9

81.1*

80.0

week

 

 

 

 

HIV Risk perception by sexual intercourse

 

 

 

 

Risk1: With a stable partner of the opposite sex

5.8*

8.2

6.4

7.1

Risk2: With occasional partner of the opposite sex

75.2

70.2

82.2*

68.2

Risk3: With different partners

91.9*

87.0

96.2*

94.1

Risk4: With a stable partner of the same sex (men)

31.8*

38.5

26.5*

31.8

Risk5: With occasional partner of the same sex (men)

85.1*

88.0

88.0

87.1

Risk6: With different partners of the same sex (men)

92.3

91.8

92.7

92.9

Risk7: With partner of the same sex (women)

49.7

49.5

56.0

56.5

Condom opinions

 

 

 

 

Opinion1: Reduce pleasure

42.6*

59.5

32.4*

50.5

Opinion2: Provide pleasure because of safety

47.3*

27.4

57.7*

49.4

Opinion3: Are safe

85.1*

75.5

82.3*

69.4

Table1 Mean analysis by gender and risky sexual behaviours (Data in percentages).

 

 

Men

Women

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Age18-29

--

--

--

--

Age30-39

-0.02**

0.02

-0.01***

-0.01**

Age40-49

-0.04***

0.01

-0.01***

-0.01**

Immigrant

--

--

--

--

Spaniard

-0.06***

-0.06***

-0.01

-0.01

Married

--

--

--

--

Single

--

0.07***

--

0.01

Divorced

--

0.14***

--

0.05***

Widow

--

0.23**

--

--

Live with partner

--

-0.03***

--

-0.02**

Live with parents

--

-0.01

--

-0.01**

Live with children

--

0.01

--

0.00

Live with friends

--

0.02

--

0.03*

Employed

--

--

--

--

Unemployed

--

0.01

--

-0.01

Student

--

-0.02*

--

-0.01***

Housewife

--

0.34

--

0.01

Primary Education

--

--

--

--

Secondary Education

--

-0.02***

--

0.00

Professional Formation

--

-0.01

--

0.01

Tertiary Education

--

-0.01

--

-0.01

Pseudo-R2(%)

1.42

6.17

1.48

5.80

Estimated probability (%)

8.09

10.01

2.76

2.88

Table2 Estimation of unsafe sex (probit: dy/dx)

***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have also included regional dummy variables.

 

 

Men

 

 

Women

 

 

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

No alcoholic drinks

--

--

--

--

--

--

Drinks 1-2

0.01

-0.01

--

0.01

0.01

--

Drinks 3-4

0.02

-0.01

--

0.03

0.03

--

Drinks 5 or More

0.06*

0.02

--

0.04

0.04

--

Drinks Weekly

0.02***

0.01*

--

0.01

0.00

--

Age18-29

--

--

--

--

--

--

Age30-39

0.01

0.00

0.00

-0.01

0.00

-0.01

Age40-49

0.01

0.00

0.00

-0.01

0.00

-0.01

Immigrant

--

--

--

--

--

--

Spaniard

-0.06***

-0.05**

-0.05**

-0.01

0.01

0.00

Primary Education

--

--

--

--

--

--

Secondary Education

-0.02***

-0.02**

-0.02**

0.00

0.00

0.00

Professional Training

-0.01

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

Tertiary Education

0.00

0.00

0.00

-0.01

-0.01

-0.01

Employed

--

--

--

--

--

--

Unemployed

0.01

-0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Student

-0.02*

0.00

0.00

-0.01

-0.01**

-0.01**

Housewife

0.33

0.41

0.45

0.01

0.00

0.00

Married

--

--

--

--

--

--

Single

0.07***

0.05***

0.06***

0.01

0.00

0.00

Divorced

0.14***

0.10**

0.10**

0.04

0.04*

0.05**

Widow

0.25**

0.17

0.14

--

--

--

Live with partner

-0.03**

-0.02

-0.03*

-0.02

-0.01

-0.01

Live with parents

-0.01

-0.01

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

0.00

Live with children

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.00

-0.01

-0.01

Live with friends

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.05*

0.04

Religion1

--

-0.02*

-0.02*

--

0.01

0.01

Religion2

--

--

--

--

--

--

Risk1

--

0.01

0.01

--

0.00

0.00

Risk2

--

-0.01

-0.02

--

-0.02***

-0.02***

Risk3

--

-0.01

-0.01

--

0.00

0.00

Risk4

--

0.01

0.01

--

0.00

0.00

Risk5

--

0.02**

0.02**

--

0.00

0.00

Risk6

--

0.00

0.00

--

0.00

0.01

Risk7

--

0.00

0.00

--

0.00

0.00

Opinion1

--

0.02***

0.03***

--

0.01***

0.01***

Opinion2

--

-0.04***

-0.04***

--

0.00

0.00

Opinion3

--

-0.03**

-0.03*

--

-0.01*

-0.01

Pseudo-R2(%)

8.32

11.96

10.27

8.75

13.45

10.42

Estimated probability (%)

8.98

8.88

9.70

3.64

3.74

3.03

Table3 Estimation of unsafe sex (probit: dy/dx)

***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have also included regional dummy variables.

Age

 

Model 3

 

 

Model 4

 

 

Age19-29

Age30-39

Age40-49

Age19-29

Age30-39

Age40-49

 

 

 

Men

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

No alcoholic drinks

--

--

--

--

--

--

 

Drinks1-2

0.08***

0.00

-0.03

0.06*

-0.02

-0.07**

 

Drinks3-4

0.08**

0.01

-0.01

0.04

-0.01

-0.03*

 

Drinks5 or more

0.18***

0.02

0.01

0.15

-0.01

-0.02

 

Drinks Weekly

0.01

0.03***

0.01

0.01

0.02**

0.01

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pseudo-R2(%)

5.89

10.63

15.04

12.67

18.92

19.21

 

Estimated probability (%)

6.84

8.94

13.07

7.48

6.99

15.82

 

Sample probability (%)

9.99

8.21

5.42

9.99

8.21

5.42

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Women

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

No alcoholic drinks

--

--

--

--

--

--

 

Drinks1-2

0.02*

0.01***

0.00

0.00

0.01**

-0.01

 

Drinks3-4

0.04

0.05

-0.01

0.01

0.10

0.00

 

Drinks5 or more

0.03

0.05

0.14

-0.01

0.11

0.24

 

Drinks Weekly

0.02***

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pseudo-R2(%)

10.73

16.42

9.71

10.89

32.42

24.35

 

Estimated probability (%)

4.98

3.54

2.59

3.88

4.44

4.44

 

Sample probability (%)

3.69

2.29

2.08

3.69

2.29

2.08

 

Table4 Estimation of unsafe sex by age population groups (probit: dy/dx)

***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have included explanatory variables of Model 3 and Model 4.

Sexual Orientation

Model 3

Model 4

 

Heterosexual

Homo/Bisexual

Heterosexual

Homo/Bisexual

 

 

 

Women

--

--

--

--

 

Men

0.03***

0.07*

0.02***

0.00

 

No alcoholic drinks

--

--

--

--

 

Drinks1-2

0.01

0.02

0.00

0.00

 

Drinks3-4

0.02*

-0.01

0.01

0.00

 

Drinks5 or more

0.04**

0.22

0.03

0.14

 

Drinks Weekly

0.01***

0.00

0.01*

0.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pseudo-R2(%)

11.04

13.22

14.02

39.76

 

Estimated probability (%)

5.68

11.39

4.94

32.31

 

Sample probability (%)

5.43

13.11

5.43

13.11

 

Table5 Estimation of unsafe sex by sexual orientation groups (probit: dy/dx)

***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have included explanatory variables of Model 3 and Model 4. We have not repeated estimations for men and women because there are few observations of people with homosexual and bisexual orientations.

 

 

 

 

Estimation of

 

 

Variables included in each factor

Variance

Variance

risky sexual behaviours

 

 

Proportion

Cumulative

with occasional partners

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(probit: dy/dx)

 

Men

 

 

 

 

 

Factor1  Civil status and household composition

0.72

0.72

-0.001

 

Factor2  Number of drinks per session

0.08

0.81

0.030***

 

Factor3

Condom opinions

0.06

0.87

0.002

 

Factor4

HIV risk perceptions

0.05

0.91

-0.001

 

Factor5  Number of drinks conditioned by frequency

0.04

0.96

-0.003

 

Factor6

Individual age

0.04

1.00

0.018***

 

Women

 

 

 

 

 

Factor1  Number of drinks per session

0.52

0.52

0.001***

 

Factor2

Education level

0.30

0.82

0.001*

 

Factor3

Civil status

0.07

0.90

0.010***

 

Factor4

Condom opinions

0.04

0.94

-0.001

 

Factor5

HIV risk perceptions

0.04

0.98

-0.003

 

Factor6

Age

0.03

1.00

-0.008

 

Table6 Factor analysis.

***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have included explanatory variables of Model 4.