Graph 1. Unsafe sex (Data expressed in percentages).
Drunk = Heavy drinking at least once in the last month.
Alcohol = Drinking 5 or more alcoholic beverages per session at least once per week.
Unsafe sex = Engaging in sexual relations with occasional partners without using male condoms. Source: Health and Sexual Habits Survey, 2003.
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Men |
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Women |
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(N. observations = 2720) |
(N. observations = 3300) |
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Explanatory variables |
Unprotected sex with |
Unprotected sex with |
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|
occasional partners |
occasional partners |
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|
No |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
|
91.8% |
8.2% |
97.3% |
2.7% |
Sexual Orientation |
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|
|
|
Heterosexual |
97.4* |
92.8 |
98.2 |
94.6 |
Homosexual/Bisexual |
2.6* |
7.1 |
1.8 |
5.4 |
Alcohol Consumption |
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|
|
|
None |
12.7* |
8.3 |
32.6* |
16.0 |
1-2 drinks consumed per session |
59.7* |
45.6 |
57.9* |
59.3 |
3-4 drinks consumed per session |
19.8* |
25.3 |
8.0* |
20.0 |
5 or more drinks consumed per session |
7.8* |
20.8 |
1.5* |
4.7 |
Alcohol Weekly |
69.2* |
78.7 |
38.5* |
60.0 |
Drinks Weekly (0:None-3:Drinks5-MoreSession) |
1.0* |
1.4 |
0.5* |
0.8 |
Sociodemographic characteristics |
|
|
|
|
Age18-29 |
39.3* |
49.3 |
35.9* |
49.0 |
Age30-39 |
32.2 |
32.2 |
33.3* |
27.7 |
Age40-49 |
28.4* |
18.5 |
30.8* |
23.2 |
Immigrant |
6.3* |
11.7 |
7.5* |
11.6 |
Spaniard |
93.7* |
88.3 |
92.5* |
88.4 |
Married |
47.3* |
20.0 |
54.5* |
31.0 |
Single |
50.0* |
73.4 |
39.8* |
54.2 |
Divorced/Separated |
2.4* |
5.4 |
4.6* |
14.8 |
Widow |
0.3* |
1.2 |
1.1* |
0.0 |
Live with partner |
55.2* |
30.5 |
61.5* |
38.7 |
Live with parents |
38.5* |
50.0 |
33.9* |
38.1 |
Live with children |
30.6* |
16.3 |
46.1* |
35.5 |
Live with friends |
4.0* |
7.8 |
2.8* |
8.4 |
Primary Education |
23.8* |
26.6 |
24.1* |
21.9 |
Secondary Education |
35.7* |
32.4 |
31.4* |
33.5 |
Professional Training |
22.3 |
22.0 |
20.5* |
26.5 |
University |
18.2 |
19.1 |
24.0* |
18.1 |
Employed |
81.3* |
79.0 |
60.7* |
67.7 |
Unemployed |
5.1* |
7.2 |
10.9* |
9.0 |
Student |
11.2* |
11.4 |
11.2* |
10.3 |
Housewife/house-husband |
0.1* |
0.2 |
15.4* |
12.3 |
Religious attitudes |
|
|
|
|
Religion1: Religious services at least once a week |
13.9* |
10.1 |
18.9* |
20.0 |
Religion2: No religious services or less than once a |
86.1* |
89.9 |
81.1* |
80.0 |
week |
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|
|
|
HIV Risk perception by sexual intercourse |
|
|
|
|
Risk1: With a stable partner of the opposite sex |
5.8* |
8.2 |
6.4 |
7.1 |
Risk2: With occasional partner of the opposite sex |
75.2 |
70.2 |
82.2* |
68.2 |
Risk3: With different partners |
91.9* |
87.0 |
96.2* |
94.1 |
Risk4: With a stable partner of the same sex (men) |
31.8* |
38.5 |
26.5* |
31.8 |
Risk5: With occasional partner of the same sex (men) |
85.1* |
88.0 |
88.0 |
87.1 |
Risk6: With different partners of the same sex (men) |
92.3 |
91.8 |
92.7 |
92.9 |
Risk7: With partner of the same sex (women) |
49.7 |
49.5 |
56.0 |
56.5 |
Condom opinions |
|
|
|
|
Opinion1: Reduce pleasure |
42.6* |
59.5 |
32.4* |
50.5 |
Opinion2: Provide pleasure because of safety |
47.3* |
27.4 |
57.7* |
49.4 |
Opinion3: Are safe |
85.1* |
75.5 |
82.3* |
69.4 |
Table1 Mean analysis by gender and risky sexual behaviours (Data in percentages).
|
|
Men |
Women |
|
|
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Age18-29 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Age30-39 |
-0.02** |
0.02 |
-0.01*** |
-0.01** |
Age40-49 |
-0.04*** |
0.01 |
-0.01*** |
-0.01** |
Immigrant |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Spaniard |
-0.06*** |
-0.06*** |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
Married |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Single |
-- |
0.07*** |
-- |
0.01 |
Divorced |
-- |
0.14*** |
-- |
0.05*** |
Widow |
-- |
0.23** |
-- |
-- |
Live with partner |
-- |
-0.03*** |
-- |
-0.02** |
Live with parents |
-- |
-0.01 |
-- |
-0.01** |
Live with children |
-- |
0.01 |
-- |
0.00 |
Live with friends |
-- |
0.02 |
-- |
0.03* |
Employed |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Unemployed |
-- |
0.01 |
-- |
-0.01 |
Student |
-- |
-0.02* |
-- |
-0.01*** |
Housewife |
-- |
0.34 |
-- |
0.01 |
Primary Education |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Secondary Education |
-- |
-0.02*** |
-- |
0.00 |
Professional Formation |
-- |
-0.01 |
-- |
0.01 |
Tertiary Education |
-- |
-0.01 |
-- |
-0.01 |
Pseudo-R2(%) |
1.42 |
6.17 |
1.48 |
5.80 |
Estimated probability (%) |
8.09 |
10.01 |
2.76 |
2.88 |
Table2 Estimation of unsafe sex (probit: dy/dx)
***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have also included regional dummy variables.
|
|
Men |
|
|
Women |
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|
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
No alcoholic drinks |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Drinks 1-2 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
-- |
0.01 |
0.01 |
-- |
Drinks 3-4 |
0.02 |
-0.01 |
-- |
0.03 |
0.03 |
-- |
Drinks 5 or More |
0.06* |
0.02 |
-- |
0.04 |
0.04 |
-- |
Drinks Weekly |
0.02*** |
0.01* |
-- |
0.01 |
0.00 |
-- |
Age18-29 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Age30-39 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
Age40-49 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
Immigrant |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Spaniard |
-0.06*** |
-0.05** |
-0.05** |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
Primary Education |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Secondary Education |
-0.02*** |
-0.02** |
-0.02** |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Professional Training |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Tertiary Education |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
Employed |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Unemployed |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Student |
-0.02* |
0.00 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
-0.01** |
-0.01** |
Housewife |
0.33 |
0.41 |
0.45 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Married |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Single |
0.07*** |
0.05*** |
0.06*** |
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Divorced |
0.14*** |
0.10** |
0.10** |
0.04 |
0.04* |
0.05** |
Widow |
0.25** |
0.17 |
0.14 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Live with partner |
-0.03** |
-0.02 |
-0.03* |
-0.02 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
Live with parents |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Live with children |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
Live with friends |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.05* |
0.04 |
Religion1 |
-- |
-0.02* |
-0.02* |
-- |
0.01 |
0.01 |
Religion2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Risk1 |
-- |
0.01 |
0.01 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Risk2 |
-- |
-0.01 |
-0.02 |
-- |
-0.02*** |
-0.02*** |
Risk3 |
-- |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Risk4 |
-- |
0.01 |
0.01 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Risk5 |
-- |
0.02** |
0.02** |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Risk6 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.01 |
Risk7 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Opinion1 |
-- |
0.02*** |
0.03*** |
-- |
0.01*** |
0.01*** |
Opinion2 |
-- |
-0.04*** |
-0.04*** |
-- |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Opinion3 |
-- |
-0.03** |
-0.03* |
-- |
-0.01* |
-0.01 |
Pseudo-R2(%) |
8.32 |
11.96 |
10.27 |
8.75 |
13.45 |
10.42 |
Estimated probability (%) |
8.98 |
8.88 |
9.70 |
3.64 |
3.74 |
3.03 |
Table3 Estimation of unsafe sex (probit: dy/dx)
***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have also included regional dummy variables.
Age |
|
Model 3 |
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|
Model 4 |
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|
Age19-29 |
Age30-39 |
Age40-49 |
Age19-29 |
Age30-39 |
Age40-49 |
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Men |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No alcoholic drinks |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Drinks1-2 |
0.08*** |
0.00 |
-0.03 |
0.06* |
-0.02 |
-0.07** |
|
Drinks3-4 |
0.08** |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
0.04 |
-0.01 |
-0.03* |
|
Drinks5 or more |
0.18*** |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.15 |
-0.01 |
-0.02 |
|
Drinks Weekly |
0.01 |
0.03*** |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.02** |
0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudo-R2(%) |
5.89 |
10.63 |
15.04 |
12.67 |
18.92 |
19.21 |
|
Estimated probability (%) |
6.84 |
8.94 |
13.07 |
7.48 |
6.99 |
15.82 |
|
Sample probability (%) |
9.99 |
8.21 |
5.42 |
9.99 |
8.21 |
5.42 |
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|
|
|
|
|
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|
Women |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No alcoholic drinks |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Drinks1-2 |
0.02* |
0.01*** |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.01** |
-0.01 |
|
Drinks3-4 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
|
Drinks5 or more |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.14 |
-0.01 |
0.11 |
0.24 |
|
Drinks Weekly |
0.02*** |
0.00 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudo-R2(%) |
10.73 |
16.42 |
9.71 |
10.89 |
32.42 |
24.35 |
|
Estimated probability (%) |
4.98 |
3.54 |
2.59 |
3.88 |
4.44 |
4.44 |
|
Sample probability (%) |
3.69 |
2.29 |
2.08 |
3.69 |
2.29 |
2.08 |
|
Table4 Estimation of unsafe sex by age population groups (probit: dy/dx)
***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have included explanatory variables of Model 3 and Model 4.
Sexual Orientation |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|
||
Heterosexual |
Homo/Bisexual |
Heterosexual |
Homo/Bisexual |
|
|
|
|
||||
Women |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Men |
0.03*** |
0.07* |
0.02*** |
0.00 |
|
No alcoholic drinks |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
Drinks1-2 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Drinks3-4 |
0.02* |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
Drinks5 or more |
0.04** |
0.22 |
0.03 |
0.14 |
|
Drinks Weekly |
0.01*** |
0.00 |
0.01* |
0.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudo-R2(%) |
11.04 |
13.22 |
14.02 |
39.76 |
|
Estimated probability (%) |
5.68 |
11.39 |
4.94 |
32.31 |
|
Sample probability (%) |
5.43 |
13.11 |
5.43 |
13.11 |
|
Table5 Estimation of unsafe sex by sexual orientation groups (probit: dy/dx)
***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%. We have included explanatory variables of Model 3 and Model 4. We have not repeated estimations for men and women because there are few observations of people with homosexual and bisexual orientations.
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|
|
Estimation of |
|
|
Variables included in each factor |
Variance |
Variance |
risky sexual behaviours |
|
|
Proportion |
Cumulative |
with occasional partners |
|
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|
|
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|||
|
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|
|
(probit: dy/dx) |
|
Men |
|
|
|
|
|
Factor1 Civil status and household composition |
0.72 |
0.72 |
-0.001 |
|
|
Factor2 Number of drinks per session |
0.08 |
0.81 |
0.030*** |
|
|
Factor3 |
Condom opinions |
0.06 |
0.87 |
0.002 |
|
Factor4 |
HIV risk perceptions |
0.05 |
0.91 |
-0.001 |
|
Factor5 Number of drinks conditioned by frequency |
0.04 |
0.96 |
-0.003 |
|
|
Factor6 |
Individual age |
0.04 |
1.00 |
0.018*** |
|
Women |
|
|
|
|
|
Factor1 Number of drinks per session |
0.52 |
0.52 |
0.001*** |
|
|
Factor2 |
Education level |
0.30 |
0.82 |
0.001* |
|
Factor3 |
Civil status |
0.07 |
0.90 |
0.010*** |
|
Factor4 |
Condom opinions |
0.04 |
0.94 |
-0.001 |
|
Factor5 |
HIV risk perceptions |
0.04 |
0.98 |
-0.003 |
|
Factor6 |
Age |
0.03 |
1.00 |
-0.008 |
|
Table6 Factor analysis.
***, ** and * indicate significance level of 1%, 5% and 10%.
We have included explanatory variables of Model 4.