1. F Morisco, R Bruno, E Bugianesi (2016) AISF position paper on liver disease and pregnancy The Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF). Digestive and Liver Disease 48: 120–37.
  2. Hay JE (2008) Liver disease in pregnancy. Hepatol 47: 1067-76.
  3. Westbrook RH, Dusheiko G, Williamson C (2016) Pregnancy and Liver disease, J Hepatol 64: 933-45.
  4. Lammert F, Marschall HU, Glantz A (2000) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. J Hepatol 33: 1012-21 Joshi D, James A, Quaglia A (2010) Liverdisease in pregnancy. Lancet (2010); 375: 594-605.
  5. Bacq Y, Gendrot C, Perrotin F (2009) ABCB4 gene mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. J Med Genet 46: 711-5.
  6. Dixon PH, van Mil SW, Chambers J (2009) Contribution of variant alleles of ABCB11 to susceptibility to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gut 58: 537-44.
  7. Kreek MJ (1987) Female sex steroids and cholestasis. Semin Liver Dis 7: 8-23.
  8. Glantz A, Marschall HU, Mattsson LA (2004) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates. Hepatol 40: 467-74.
  9. Geenes V, Chappell LC, Seed PT (2014) Association of severe intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective populationbased case-control study. Hepatol 59:1482-91.
  10. Brouwers I, KosterMPh, Page Christiaens GCML (2015) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:maternal and foetal outcomes associated with elevated bile acid levels. Am J Obstetr Gynecol 212: 100-e1-7.
  11. Bacq Y, Sentilhes L, Reyes HB (2012) Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol 143: 1492-501.
  12. Licata A, Ingrassia D, Serruto A (2014) Clinical course and management of acute and chronic viral hepatitis during pregnancy. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 22: 515-23.
  13. Belay T, Woldegiorgis H, Gress T (2015) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with concomitant hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27: 372-4.
  14. Pergam SA, Wang CC, Gardella CM (2003) Pregnancy complications associated with hepatitis C: data from a 2003-2005 Washington state birth cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199: 38.e1-9.
  15. Catalano PM (2010) Obesity, insulin resistence and pregnancy outcome. Reproduction 140: 365-71.
  16. Catalano P, Mouzon SH (2015) Maternal obesity and metabolic risk to the offspring: why lifestyle interventions may have not achieved the desired outcomes. Int J Obes 39: 642–9.
  17. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15: 539-53.
  18. Soresi M, Giannitrapani L, Florena AM (2009) Reliability of the bright liver echo pattern in diagnosing steatosis in patients with cryptogenic and HCV-related hypertransaminasaemia.  Clin Radiol 64: 1181-7.
  19. LC Chappell, J Chambers, JG Thornton (2018) Does ursodeoxycholic acid improve perinatal outcomes in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy? BMJ 360: 104.
  20. Anzivino C, Odardi MR, Meschiari E (2013) ABCB 4 and ABCB11 mutations in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in an Italian population. Dig Liver Dis 45: 226-32.
  21. Floreani A, Carderi I, Paternoster D (2008) Hepatobiliary phospholipid transporter ABCB4, MDR3 gene variants in a large cohort of Italian women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Dig Liver Dis 40: 366-70.
  22. Floreani A, Caroli D, Lazzari R, Memmo A, Vidali E (2013) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: new insights into its pathogenesis.  J MaternFetal Neonatal Med 26: 1410-5.
  23. Lang T, Haberl M, Jung D, Drescher A (2006) Genetic variability, haplotype structures and etnic diversity of hepatic transporters MDR3 (ABCB4) and bile salt export pump (ABCB11). Drug Metab Dispos 34: 1582-99.
  24. EASL (2018) Recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 69: 461-511.
  25. EASL (2017) Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 67: 370–98.
  26. Ammon FJ, Kohlhaas A, Elshaarawy O (2018) Liver stiffness reversibly increases during pregnancy and independently predicts preeclampsia. World J Gastroenterol 24: 4393–402.
  27. Heneghan MA, Cannon MD (2018) Hepatic diagnostic in pregnancy: biopsy, biomarkers, and beyond. Hepatology 68: 401-3.
  28. Alfadhli EM, Osman EN, Basri TH (2015) Gestational diabetes among Saudi women: prevalence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes. Ann Saudi Med 35: 222–30.
  29. SerehiAl, Ahmed AM, Shakeel F (2015) A comparison on the prevalence and outcomes of gestational versus type 2 diabetes mellitus in 1718 Saudi pregnancies. Int J Clin Exp Med.
  30. Guariguata L, Linnenkamp U, Beagley J (2014) Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103: 176–85.
  31. Al-Thani, Al Anoud,Bakri AH (2012) Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Qatar Stepwise Report 2012: 1–124.
  32. Bener A, Saleh NM, Al-Hamaq A (2011) Prevalence of gestational diabetes and associated maternal and neonatal complications in a fast-developing community: global comparisons. Int J Womens Health 3: 367–73.
  33. BashirM E, Abdel-Rahman M, Aboulfotouh M (2018) Prevalence of newly detected diabetes in pregnancy in Qatar, using universal screening. PLoS One. (2018); 13: e0201247.
  34. Suchitra Chandrasekaran, Genevieve Neal-Perry (2018) Long-term consequences of obesity on female fertility and the health of the off spring. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 3: 180–7.
  35. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, (2014) Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384: 766–81.
  36. Xu Y, Shen S, Sun L (2014) Metabolic Syndrome Risk after Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoSOne 9: e87863.
  37. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR (2005) Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 115: e290-6.
  38. Fraser A, Lawlor DA (2014) Long-Term Health Outcomes in Offspring Born to Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy.CurrDiab Rep 14: 489.
  39. Sellers EAC, Dean HJ, Shafer LA (2016) Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Impact on the Development of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Canadian First Nation and Non–First Nation Offspring. Diabetes Care 39: 2240-6.