Associated Factors

Significant (p < 0.05)
Odds Ratio (CI.)

Not significant (p > 0.05)
Odds Ratio (CI.)

Marital status

OR = 3.08 (1.15-8.3)

Marital age

OR = 0.3 (0.19-0.47)

Education level of mother

OR = 0.42 (0.25-0.68)

Education level of spouse

OR = 0.48 (0.29-0.79)

Employment status of the mother

OR = 4.18 (2.32-7.53)

Monthly household income

OR = 0.47 (0.31-0.72)

Number of past conceptions/pregnancies

OR = 2.1 (1.6-4.12)

Interpregnancy interval

OR = 0.25 (0.12-0.53)

Family planning practices in the past

OR = 0.62 (0.4-0.94)

Timing of Folic Acid intake

OR = 2.27 (1.5-3.43)

Expected time of current pregnancy

OR = 0.02 (0.0096-0.064)

Planning of next pregnancy

OR = 0.31 (0.2-0.47)

Age at 1st pregnancy

OR = 0.67 (0.36-1.24)

Use of family planning at the time of pregnancy

OR = 0.57 (0.32-1.05)

Time of registration at 1st antenatal clinic

OR = 1.5 (0.88-2.56)

Number of children expected after marriage

OR = 1.04 (0.61-1.74)

Home visits by health care workers in the antenatal period

OR = 0.79 (0.53-1.19)

Hospital visits for other reasons during the pre-pregnancy period

OR = 0.66 (0.39-1.13)