|
Group |
P |
||
Natural conception |
IVF |
|||
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
|||
Maternal age (years) |
36.4 (3.1) |
35.4 (3.8) |
0.180+ |
|
Weight |
62.3 (7.9) |
59.7 (11.1) |
0.242+ |
|
BMI |
22.8 (3.0) |
21.5 (3.7) |
0.103+ |
|
BMI, N (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Underweight |
1 (2.7) |
3 (9.7) |
0.405‡‡ |
|
Normal |
31 (83.8) |
25 (80.6) |
|
|
Overweight |
4 (10.8) |
1 (3.2) |
|
|
Obese |
1 (2.7) |
2 (6.5) |
|
Offspring sex, N (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
24 (49.0) |
11 (47.8) |
0.927‡ |
|
Female |
25 (51.0) |
12 (52.2) |
|
Birth weight |
3097.1 (334.0) |
3095.5 (421.5) |
0.987+ |
|
Gestational age (weeks delivery) |
38.5 (1) |
38.0 (1.6) |
0.101+ |
|
F+Student's t-test; ‡Pearson's chi-square test; ‡‡Fisher's exact test.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IVF, in vitro fertilisation; SD, standard deviation.
Table 1 : VLS clinical symptoms and signs scoring criteria
a
|
group |
P |
|||
Normal conception |
IVF |
||||
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
β (SE)++ |
Ρ++ |
||
FF (%) |
10 (3.8) |
9 (2.6) |
0.173+ |
-1.18 (0.80) |
0.144 |
b
|
Group |
|
||||
Normal conception |
IVF |
|
||||
N |
% |
N |
% |
Fisher's exact test (P) |
||
FF (%) |
≤6 |
9 |
16.7 |
3 |
9.7 |
0.522 |
>6 |
45 |
83.3 |
28 |
90.3 |
|
|
c
|
FF |
|
||||
Mean |
SD |
Student's t-test (P) |
||||
group |
Normal conception |
Age |
≤35 |
10.4 |
4.6 |
0.823 |
>35 |
10.1 |
3.4 |
|
|||
IVF |
Age |
≤35 |
9.1 |
3.3 |
0.819 |
|
>35 |
8.9 |
1.8 |
|
|||
F++comparison of FF between groups after adjustment for maternal age.
Abbreivations: FF, foetal fraction; IVF, in vitro fertilisation; standard error.
Table 2: Score of clinical symptoms and signs before laser treatment
a
. |
FF (%) |
|||||||
Total sample |
|
Normal conception |
IVF |
|||||
Mean (SD) |
P |
Mean (SD) |
P |
Mean (SD) |
P |
|||
Maternal age (years) |
||||||||
≤35 |
9.8 (4.0) |
0.934++ |
10.4 (4.6) |
0.823++ |
9.1 (3.3) |
0.819++ |
||
>35 |
9.7 (3.0) |
10.1 (3.4) |
8.9 (1.8) |
|||||
Maternal age (years), r+ |
0.08 |
0.466 |
0.05 |
0.730 |
0.08 |
0.671 |
||
Offspring sex |
||||||||
Male |
9.6 (3.2) |
0.409++ |
9.6 (3.3) |
0.211++ |
9.5 (3.2) |
0.551++ |
||
Female |
10.2 (3.7) |
10.9 (4.1) |
8.8 (2.3) |
|||||
Birth weight, r+ |
-0.11 |
0.380 |
-0.14 |
0.382 |
-0.07 |
0.758 |
||
Gestational age (weeks), r+ |
0.13 |
0.314 |
0.10 |
0.549 |
0.15 |
0.521 |
||
| b | ||||||||
| FF | ||||||||
| Mean | SD | p | ||||||
| Age (years) | ≤35 | group | Normal conception | 10.4 | 4.6 | 0.355 | ||
| IVF | 9.1 | 3.3 | ||||||
| >35 | group | Normal conception | 10.1 | 3.4 | 0.189 | |||
| IVF | 8.9 | 1.8 | ||||||
+Pearson's correlation coefficient; ++Student's t-test.
Abbreviations: FF, foetal fraction; IVF, in vitro fertilisation; SD, standard deviation.
Table 3 : Correlation between the FF and maternal age, birth weight, offspring sex, and gestational age in the total sample and separately for the normal conception and IVF groups. a. FF(%) in total sample vs NC and IVF. b FF(%) in total sample in age >35 and <35 in NC and IVF group
|
FF (%) |
|
|
r |
P |
βhCG change |
-0.12+ |
0.512 |
A-βhCG |
-0.28+ |
0.120 |
B-βhCG |
-0.19+ |
0.312 |
FSH |
-0.08++ |
0.659 |
LH |
-0.25++ |
0.182 |
Prolactin |
0.07+ |
0.728 |
TSH |
-0.01++ |
0.937 |
Days of stimulation |
0.10+ |
0.620 |
E2 on day of hCG |
-0.13++ |
0.532 |
No embryos |
-0.11++ |
0.541 |
Embryo quality |
0.21+ |
0.269 |
ΑΜΗ |
0.01 |
0.975 |
+Spearman's correlation coefficient; ++Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Abbreivations: AMH, anti-Mullerian hormone; E2, oestradiol; FF, foetal fraction; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; LH, luteinising hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Table 4 : Correlation between the FF and the level of hormones and IVF parameters
a.
|
βhCG change |
|
|
r+ |
P |
FSH |
0.10 |
0.580 |
LH |
-0.30 |
0.096 |
Prolactin |
0.28 |
0.132 |
TSH |
0.10 |
0.576 |
Days of stimulation |
0.00 |
0.988 |
E2 on day of hCG |
0.21 |
0.295 |
No embryos |
0.10 |
0.582 |
Embryo quality |
-0.32 |
0.080 |
ΑΜΗ |
-0.11 |
0.574 |
b.
|
FSH |
P |
||||
5–8 IU/L |
>8 IU/L |
|||||
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
|||
FF (%) |
9.4 (3) |
8.8 (7.7–11) |
8.2 (1.7) |
8.3 (6.6–9.5) |
ns |
|
βhCG Change |
1108.2 (610.2) |
960 (671.5–1652.5) |
2459 (2816) |
1150 (379–3315) |
ns |
|
E2 on day of hCG administration |
2841.5 (1418.6) |
2824 (1854.5–3768) |
2649.1 (924.6) |
2456 (2068–3492) |
ns |
|
E2 on day 7 |
1521.7 (1139.3) |
1309 (503–2221) |
1087.4 (469.3) |
1015.5 (667–1375) |
ns |
|
Age (years) |
34.3 (3.8) |
34.5 (33–37) |
37.3 (3) |
37 (35–40) |
0.040 |
|
Age, N (%) |
≤35 |
13 |
81.3 |
3 |
18.8 |
0.044 |
>35 |
7 |
46.7 |
8 |
53.3 |
|
|
BMI |
21.2 (4.4) |
19.9 (19.1–21) |
22 (2) |
21.7 (20.7–23.2) |
ns |
|
BMI, N (%) |
Underweight |
3 |
100.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
ns |
Normal |
15 |
60.0 |
10 |
40.0 |
|
|
Overweight |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0 |
|
|
Obese |
2 |
100.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
|
Gestational age (weeks) |
37.8 (1.5) |
38.1 (37–39) |
38.3 (1.9) |
38.5 (37.4–39.7) |
ns |
|
Number of oocytes |
8.3 (4.3) |
10 (6–11) |
8.9 (3.5) |
9 (7–11) |
ns |
|
c.
|
LH |
P |
||||||
<5 IU/L |
5–8 IU/L |
>8 IU/L |
||||||
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
|||
FF (%) |
9.9 (1.7) |
10.5 (8.8–11) |
8.6 (2.9) |
8.2 (6.9–9) |
8.9 (2.9) |
9.5 (7.3–10.5) |
ns |
|
βhCG change |
2153.4 (2228.6) |
1728.5 (957.5–2001.5) |
1559.1 (1854) |
960 (671.5–1651.5) |
1005.6 (1158.4) |
486 (330–1937) |
ns |
|
E2 on day of hCG administration |
2424.3 (1592.4) |
2212 (1336–2948) |
2997.8 (1184.3) |
2700 (2299–3452) |
2633.9 (1086) |
2068 (1938–3500) |
ns |
|
E2 on day 7 |
1332.7 (631.9) |
1134 (828–1955) |
1181.1 (762.9) |
1054.5 (537.5–1571.5) |
1647.3 (1409.6) |
1138 (621–2976) |
ns |
|
Age (years) |
34.6 (3.2) |
33.5 (33–36.5) |
35.3 (4.5) |
36 (33–38) |
36.3 (2.5) |
36 (35–37) |
ns |
|
Age, N (%) |
≤35 |
6 |
37.5 |
7 |
43.8 |
3 |
18.8 |
ns |
>35 |
2 |
13.3 |
9 |
60.0 |
4 |
26.7 |
|
|
BMI |
23.6 (6) |
20.7 (19.4–28.2) |
20.4 (2) |
20.5 (19.2–21.4) |
21.5 (2.7) |
21.1 (19.6–23) |
ns |
|
BMI, N (%) |
Underweight |
0 |
0.0 |
2 |
66.7 |
1 |
33.3 |
ns |
Normal |
6 |
24.0 |
14 |
56.0 |
5 |
20.0 |
|
|
Overweight |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0 |
|
|
Obese |
2 |
100.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
|
Gestational age (weeks) |
37.8 (1.6) |
37 (36.9–39) |
37.9 (1.5) |
38.1 (37–39) |
38.4 (2.1) |
39 (38.4–39.4) |
ns |
|
Number of oocytes |
7.4 (4.8) |
7.5 (3.5–11) |
8.6 (4.2) |
9.5 (8–11) |
9.6 (2.4) |
10 (7–11) |
ns |
|
d.
|
Prolactin |
P |
||||
<11 pg/mL |
≥11 pg/mL |
|||||
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
|||
FF (%) |
8.6 (2.2) |
8.4 (7.2–9.9) |
9.3 (2.9) |
9.1 (7.3–11) |
ns |
|
βhCG Change |
732.5 (291.2) |
720 (570–960) |
2204.9 (2195.5) |
1659 (910–2072) |
0.006 |
|
E2 on day of hCG |
2671.7 (1206.5) |
2299 (1850–3452) |
2837.7 (1292.2) |
2948 (1938–3500) |
ns |
|
E2 on day 7 |
1058.2 (750.1) |
814 (572–1309) |
1541.2 (1028.9) |
1375 (724–2058) |
ns |
|
Age (years) |
35 (4.6) |
36 (33–38) |
35.6 (3.2) |
35 (33–38) |
ns |
|
Age N (%) |
≤35 |
6 |
37.5 |
10 |
62.5 |
ns |
>35 |
7 |
46.7 |
8 |
53.3 |
|
|
BMI |
20 (1.6) |
20.2 (19.3–20.7) |
22.6 (4.4) |
21.1 (19.6–23.4) |
ns |
|
BMIN (%) |
Underweight |
2 |
66.7 |
1 |
33.3 |
ns |
Normal |
11 |
44.0 |
14 |
56.0 |
|
|
Overweight |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
100.0 |
|
|
Obese |
0 |
0.0 |
2 |
100.0 |
|
|
Gestational age (weeks) |
37.3 (1.8) |
37 (36–39) |
38.3 (1.5) |
38.5 (38–39) |
ns |
|
Number of oocytes |
7.9 (3.6) |
9 (6–10) |
8.9 (4.3) |
9.5 (7–12) |
ns |
|
e.
|
AMH |
P |
||||
≤3 ng/mL |
>3 ng/mL |
|||||
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
Mean (SD) |
Median (IQR) |
|||
FF% |
9.2 (1.8) |
8.9 (8.1–10.5) |
8.8 (3.3) |
8.2 (6.5–10.5) |
ns |
|
βhCG change |
1960.1 (2395.3) |
1005 (617–1866) |
1238.2 (998.8) |
950.5 (554.5–1795.5) |
ns |
|
E2 on day of hCG administration |
2177 (683.9) |
1938 (1839–2554) |
3200.5 (1383.1) |
3427 (2068–4192) |
0.036 |
|
E2 on day 7 |
900.1 (445) |
800 (572–1138) |
1699.9 (1087.1) |
1458 (724–2221) |
ns |
|
Age (years) |
36.4 (4.4) |
37 (33–40) |
34.4 (2.9) |
34.5 (33–36.5) |
ns |
|
Age N (%) |
≤35 |
6 |
37.5 |
10 |
62.5 |
ns |
>35 |
9 |
60.0 |
6 |
40.0 |
|
|
BMI |
20.6 (2.3) |
20.2 (19.1–21.1) |
22.3 (4.6) |
21 (19.8–23.1) |
ns |
|
BMI N (%) |
Underweight |
1 |
33.3 |
2 |
66.7 |
ns |
Normal |
13 |
52.0 |
12 |
48.0 |
|
|
Overweight |
1 |
100.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
|
Obese |
0 |
0.0 |
2 |
100.0 |
|
|
Gestational age (weeks) |
38 (1.7) |
38.4 (36.9–39) |
38 (1.6) |
38.3 (37–39) |
ns |
|
Number of oocytes |
6.6 (3.9) |
7 (1–10) |
10.3 (3.2) |
10.5 (9–12.5) |
0.006 |
|
+Spearman's correlation coefficient.
Abbreviations: AMH, anti-Mullerian hormone; BMI, body mass index; E2, oestradiol; FF, foetal fraction; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; IQR, interquartile range; LH, luteinising hormone; SD, standard deviation; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Table 5 : Correlation between the βhCG, FSH, LH Prolactin, AMH change and the level of other hormones, days of stimulation, E2 on the day of hCG administration, the number of embryos, and the embryo quality and IVF parameters. a. βhCG b.FSH c.LH d.Prolactin e.AMH
Tables at a glance